View source for Action on Smoking and Health

{{short description|Organizations seeking to reduce harm caused by tobacco smoking}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Globalize|article|date=March 2018}}

'''Action on Smoking and Health''' ('''ASH''') is the name of a number of autonomous [[pressure group]]s ([[charities]]) in the [[anglosphere]] that seek to publicize the risks associated with [[tobacco smoking]] and campaign for [[smoking ban|greater restrictions on use]] and on [[tobacco control|cigarette and tobacco sales]].<ref>[http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/erectiledysfunction/support_group/006145.htm ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]</ref>

==ASH (United States)==
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Action on Smoking & Health logo name
| image               = ASH logo.jpg
| image_size          = 
| abbreviation        = ASH
| formation           = <!-- use {{start date|1967|df=y}} -->
| founder             = Professor John Banzhaf
| tax_id              = <!-- or | 13-2603590 -->
| headquarters        = [[Washington, DC]] [[United States]]
| location            = 1250 Connecticut Ave, NW, 7th Fl, Washington, DC 20036
| board_of_directors  = Dr. Alfred Munzer (chair), Mr. Doug Blanke, Ms. M.R. (Marion) Wells, Mr. [[Bunyan Bryant]], Mr. Stanley Harmon, and Ms. Cheryl Healton
| key_people          = Laurent Huber (executive director)
<!-- unknown parameter| mission             = To advocate for innovative legal and policy measures to end the global tobacco epidemic. -->| website             = {{URL|https://ash.org/}}
}}
In the [[US]], ASH was formed in 1967 by [[John F. Banzhaf III]], and a distinguished body of physicians, attorneys and other prominent citizens who saw the need for an organization to represent nonsmokers’ rights. Over the years, ASH has taken the lead on a variety of initiatives to counter the deaths and economic burden imposed by the [[tobacco industry]].

ASH has a long history of advocacy, education and legal initiatives in the fight against tobacco. ASH has fought for health in courts, before legislative bodies and regulatory agencies, as well as international agencies such as the [[United Nations]] and the [[World Health Organization]].
ASH's work and the work of its allies has spanned more than 40 years. Since the release of the original [[Surgeon General Report on smoking]] in January 1964, the global initiative for the prevention of tobacco-related damages has made enormous progress—and ASH has played a major role in achieving this progress.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

ASH's actions have led to significant progress, including:<ref name="ASH website" />
* A [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act|ban on cigarette commercials]] over the airwaves in 1971;
* A decision by Congress to ban [[smoking on airline flights]] in 1990;
* The implementation of smoke-free legislation in a number of jurisdictions in the United States and other countries;
* A 2001 executive order by President [[Bill Clinton]] prohibiting the government from promoting the sale or export of tobacco products;
* Adoption and implementation of the [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC), the first international treaty that deals exclusively with tobacco issues;
* Inclusion of a tobacco use reduction indicator and the WHO FCTC in the UN Sustainable Development Goals;
* A global discussion and advocacy resources to link tobacco control and human rights.

==ASH (United Kingdom)==
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Action on Smoking and Health
| image               = Action on Smoking and Health (logo).jpg
| image_size          = 150px
| alt                 = ASH - action on smoking and health
| caption             = 
| abbreviation        = ASH
| formation           = {{start date|1971|01|20|df=y}}
| founder             = [[Royal College of Physicians]]
| founding_location   = 
| type                = [[Pressure group]] / [[Charitable organization|Charity]]
| registration_id     = 262067<ref name="Charity commission">{{EW charity|262067}}</ref>
| status              = 
| purpose             = 
| headquarters        = 67-68 Hatton Garden
| location            = London, UK
| coords              = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} -->
| area_served         = England
| services            = 
| products            = 
| methods             = 
| fields              = 
| board_of_directors  = 
| key_people          = {{Unbulleted list 
  | Deborah Arnott<br />(CEO)
  | Prof. John Moxham<br />(chair)
  | [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|Duke of Gloucester]]<br />(patron)
 }}
| slogan              = 
| mission             = 
| website             = {{URL|ash.org.uk}}
}}

In the [[United Kingdom]], ASH is a [[Charitable organization|registered charity]] established in 1971, that aims to eliminate the harm caused by tobacco. It works to raise awareness of the health risks of tobacco, and also campaigns for policy measures. It provides the secretariat of the [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] on smoking and health.<ref name="APPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.ash.org.uk/about-ash/all-party-parliamentary-group-on-smoking-and-health|title=All Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking and Health|website=ash.org.uk|access-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530010302/http://www.ash.org.uk/about-ash/all-party-parliamentary-group-on-smoking-and-health|archive-date=30 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== History ===
ASH was established in 1971 by the [[Royal College of Physicians]] following the refusal of the [[UK Government]] to act on the college's demand for laws to reduce tobacco use. Former health minister, [[John Dunwoody]], became its first director.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=1 February 2006 |title= John Dunwoody |url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/01/guardianobituaries.mainsection |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Its present-day board of trustees reflects its continued support from the medical establishment as it is composed largely of doctors and scientists.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ash.org.uk/about-ash/ash-board-of-trustees |title= ASH Board of Trustees |website=ash.org.uk |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

ASH was awarded a [[World Health Organization|WHO]] [[World No Tobacco Day Award]] in May 2011<ref name="World No Tobacco Day Awards 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/activities/wntd-2011-who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control/world-no-tobacco-day-awards-2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523234141/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/activities/wntd-2011-who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control/world-no-tobacco-day-awards-2011| url-status=dead| archive-date=23 May 2011| publisher=World Health Organization | title=World No Tobacco Day Awards 2011}}</ref> and the 2012 Luther L Terry Award for "Outstanding Organization" by the [[American Cancer Society]] in December 2011.<ref name="Luther Terry Award 2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=634:congratulations-luther-terry-award-winners&catid=229:general-news&Itemid=233| publisher=Framework Convention Alliance | title=Congratulations to Luther Terry Award winners}}</ref>

Its current chief executive, appointed in 2003, is Deborah Arnott. She was appointed honorary associate professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Nottingham in 2011 and won the 2007 Alwyn Smith Prize awarded annually by the UK [[Faculty of Public Health]] to the person judged to have made the most outstanding contribution to the health of the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty prizes|url=http://www.fph.org.uk/faculty_prizes|website=fph.org.uk|publisher=[[Faculty of Public Health]]|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Funding ===
ASH is a charity<ref name="Charity commission"/> describing itself as a "campaigning public health charity that works to eliminate the harm caused by tobacco".

Its funding for its core campaigning programme comes from the [[British Heart Foundation]] (BHF) and [[Cancer Research UK]] (CRUK). It has also received funding from the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] under its Section 64 grant programme, which is earmarked for specific projects to further the department's public health objectives, and cannot be used to [[lobbying|lobby]] the government.<ref name="ASH website">{{cite web| url=http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_808.pdf| publisher=ASH/Kingston Smith| title=2011 Accounts| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818093254/http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_808.pdf| archive-date=18 August 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Campaigns ===
ASH uses funding from the BHF and CRUK to influence policy on a variety of issues including taxation and smuggling, health inequalities, harm reduction, and smoking and young people. It also works to raise awareness of the methods used by the tobacco industry to influence public health policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tobacco front groups & third party lobbying tactics|url=http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_835.pdf|website=ash.org.uk|access-date=24 June 2015|date=January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421011640/http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_835.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammond|first1=Ross|last2=Rowell|first2=Andy|title=Trust us: We're the tobacco industry|url=http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_135.pdf|publisher=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Action on Smoking and Health|access-date=24 June 2015|date=May 2001}}</ref> ASH coordinates the Smokefree Action Coalition (SFAC), the umbrella group for organisations working to reduce the harm caused by tobacco, which was set up to campaign for comprehensive smoke-free legislation.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Smokefree Action|url=http://www.smokefreeaction.org.uk/about.html|publisher=Smokefree Action Coalition|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

In February 2006, ASH won its campaign for legislation which created comprehensive [[Smoking ban in England|smoke-free indoor workplace regulation]], introduced in England on 1 July 2007.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6196910.stm | title=England smoke ban to start 1 July | publisher=BBC | date=2006-12-01}}</ref><ref name="ashjul07">{{cite web|url=https://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/england-to-go-smokefree-on-1-july-2007-truly-a-time-for-celebration/ |publisher=ASH |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=10 March 2021 |title=England to go smokefree on 1 July 2007: truly a time for celebration}}</ref> The smoke-free regulations included all pubs, bars and private members' clubs, as well as cafés, restaurants, and enclosed workplaces. A similar smoke-free law had already come into force in Scotland in March 2006,<ref name="bbcscot">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3996587.stm | publisher=BBC | title=Scotland smoking ban to go ahead | date=2006-12-01}}</ref> and [[Northern Ireland]] and Wales followed in April 2007. Campaigning after this point focussed on the need for a new government strategy on tobacco control.

In 2008, ten years after the publication of "Smoking Kills", a [[white paper]] on tobacco<ref>{{cite book|title=Smoking Kills: A White Paper on Tobacco.|date=1998|publisher=[[The Stationery Office|Stationery Office]]|location=London|isbn=9780101417723|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/260754/4177.pdf|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> and the first comprehensive strategy to tackle the issue, ASH published "Beyond Smoking Kills" which provided a review of progress on the control of tobacco.<ref name="Beyond Smoking Kills">{{cite web |url=http://ash.org.uk/current-policy-issues/beyond-smoking-kills |title=Beyond Smoking Kills |website=ash.org.uk |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> The report called for a number of measures including a [[tobacco display ban]],<ref name="Boseley 2015">{{cite news|last1=Boseley|first1=Sarah|title=Public health group calls for levy on tobacco firms to help fight smoking|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/10/public-health-group-calls-for-levy-on-tobacco-firms-to-help-fight-smoking|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tobacco display ban extended to all shops|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-32188988|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=6 April 2015}}</ref> prohibition of the sale of tobacco from vending machines and [[plain tobacco packaging|standardised tobacco packaging]].<ref name="Beyond Smoking Kills PDF">{{cite book|title=Beyond Smoking Kills: Protecting children, reducing inequalities|date=October 2008|publisher=Action on Smoking and Health|isbn=978-1-872428-79-6|url=http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_691.pdf|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Health Act 2009]] provides for removal of [[cigarette machine|vending machines for tobacco products]] (implemented in October 2011<ref>{{cite news|title=Cigarette vending machines banned in England|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15132529|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=1 October 2011}}</ref>) and for the prohibition of the display of tobacco products at the point of sale in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In March 2011, the Government committed to implement the point of sale legislation in England in large shops from April 2012 and in smaller shops from April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Tobacco Control Plan for England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213757/dh_124960.pdf|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom|HM Government]]|access-date=24 June 2015|date=9 March 2011}}</ref> It also committed to a public consultation on standardised packaging in early 2012. ASH, and the SFAC, actively campaigned for the introduction of standardised packaging, which was included in the [[Children and Families Act 2014]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perraudin|first1=Frances|title=MPs pass legislation to introduce standardised cigarette packaging|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/11/mps-pass-legislation-introduce-standardised-cigarette-packaging|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 March 2015}}</ref> and was passed into law in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standardised tobacco packaging|url=http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_877.pdf|website=ash.org.uk|access-date=24 June 2015|date=March 2015}}</ref> The charity described it as the "most important public health reform of this Parliament."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Triggle|first1=Nick|title=MPs back standardised cigarette packaging|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-31839859|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=11 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, ASH published "Smoking Still Kills" which called for a new government tobacco control strategy, and made a number of recommendations including an annual levy on tobacco companies to fund measures to help smokers quit and prevent youth uptake.<ref name="Smoking Still Kills">{{cite book|title=Smoking Still Kills: Protecting children, reducing inequalities|date=June 2015|publisher=Action on Smoking and Health|isbn=978-1-872428-95-6|url=http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_962.pdf|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> At the launch of the report, [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Public Health]] [[Jane Ellison]] committed to a new tobacco control strategy.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Smoking Still Kills: Government announced key recommendation: a new tobacco control strategy |url=http://www.ash.org.uk/media-room/press-releases/:smoking-still-kills-government-announced-key-recommendation-a-new-tobacco-control-strategy |publisher=Action on Smoking and Health |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613005113/http://www.ash.org.uk/media-room/press-releases/%3Asmoking-still-kills-government-announced-key-recommendation-a-new-tobacco-control-strategy |archive-date=13 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Christopher Snowdon]], a research fellow at the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]], which had received funding from tobacco firms,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doward|first1=Jamie|title=Health groups dismayed by news 'big tobacco' funded rightwing thinktanks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jun/01/thinktanks-big-tobacco-funds-smoking|access-date=24 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> noted the influence of the charity saying that the "manifesto of this tiny pressure group is, in effect, the manifesto of whichever party is in power."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Snowdon |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snowdon |date=1 June 2015 |title=The anti-smoking pressure group whose wackiest ideas always become law |url=http://health.spectator.co.uk/the-anti-smoking-pressure-group-whose-wackiest-ideas-always-become-law/ |journal=[[The Spectator]] |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

ASH is also a member of the [[World Health Organization]]'s [[Framework Convention Alliance]] on [[Tobacco Control]].

==== Membership ====
ASH covers the whole of the UK and encourages supporters to get involved in the organisation's work, or just lend financial support. ASH Northern Ireland, ASH Scotland and ASH Wales are separate organisations.

===ASH Scotland===
ASH Scotland is an independent Scottish charity which aims to take action to reduce the harm caused by tobacco. First founded under the auspices of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] in 1973, ASH Scotland became a wholly separate charity in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history|url=http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-history/|website=ASH Scotland|publisher=ASH Scotland|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ASH Scotland was awarded a [[World Health Organization|WHO]] [[World No Tobacco Day Award]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/news/news/2018/5/world-no-tobacco-day-2018-awards-winners-from-the-who-european-region | title=World No Tobacco Day 2018 awards: Winners from the WHO European Region }}</ref>

The organisation seeks to improve health and quality of life by limiting the number of young people taking up smoking, reducing the number of adult smokers, protecting people from second-hand smoke and tackling the inequality resulting from tobacco use. This involves campaigning for change in the law, providing information to politicians, healthcare professionals and the public, and running programmes designed to help people be tobacco-free.

Following ASH Scotland campaigns, Scotland was the first part of the UK to introduce [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|smoke-free public places legislation]] and the first part of the UK (and the third country globally) to declare a tobacco-free date (2034) as part of the Scottish Government's tobacco control strategy 'Creating a tobacco-free generation'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a Tobacco-free Generation|url=http://www.gov.scot/resource/0041/00417331.pdf|website=Scottish Government|publisher=Scottish Government|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

===ASH Wales===
ASH Wales is a smoking cessation and health charity that began in 1976  as an autonomous branch of ASH UK, and later gained independent charity status in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/charity-commission|title = ASH Wales Limited|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = Charity Commission}}</ref> Its aim is to reduce the prevalence of smoking across Wales by identifying and addressing influential factors, increasing public awareness, and improving the quality and reach of cessation services.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ashwales.org.uk/en/about|title = About us|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = ASH Wales}}</ref> ASH Wales engages in a variety of projects including campaigning for tobacco-control public-health policy, research, training, educational workshops, advocacy, and support.

==== Campaigns ====
From 2012 onward ASH Wales campaigned for all 22 local authorities in Wales to introduce smoke-free policies in their children's playgrounds. To date, 20 out of 22 local authorities have implemented voluntary bans in their local playgrounds, with another currently in the process of implementing a ban.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ashwales.org.uk/en/information-resources/topics/smokefree-playgrounds|title = Smoke-free playgrounds|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = ASH Wales}}</ref>

ASH Wales played an instrumental role in the Welsh Government's decision to enforce a ban on smoking in cars with children.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-32958077|title = Smoking ban in cars carrying children passed by assembly| work=BBC News | date=2 June 2015 |access-date = 12 February 2016}}</ref> Smoking in a private vehicle when someone under the age of 18 is present became illegal in England and Wales on 1 October 2015.

==== The Filter Project ====
The Filter is the youth project of ASH Wales which delivers quit smoking support and prevention for children and young people aged 11–25.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ASH Wales Cymru|url = http://ashwales.org.uk/en/about/our-youth-project|website = ASH Wales Cymru|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref> The Filter provides workshops and quit smoking programmes delivered by smoking cessation advisors.

The Filter Project was launched in 2013 as a result of funding from the [[Big Lottery Fund]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Child smoking: Ash Wales given £850,000 Lottery funding to help young quit| work=BBC News | date=11 May 2012 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18022123|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref> Since then The Filter has delivered its workshops and cessation support to more than 6,000 people across Wales. From 2015 The Filter became part of an Erasmus+ funded partnership bringing together organisations from five different EU countries with the aim of reducing tobacco consumption across all of the nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ASH Wales Cymru|url = http://ashwales.org.uk/en/whats-new/erasmus-comes-to-wales|website = ASH Wales Cymru|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref> This partnership will examine the potential of The Filter to work on a transnational basis.

==== Wales Tobacco or Health Network ====
The Wales Tobacco or Health Network (WTHN) is a professional network led by ASH Wales for individuals in Wales with an interest in tobacco and its impact on public health. It focuses on smoking and tobacco control but also on wider issues of health and well being such as the links between wealth and health inequality.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ASH Wales Cymru|url = http://ashwales.org.uk/en/get-involved/professional-networks/wales-tobacco-or-health-network|website = ASH Wales Cymru|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref>

The network contains both individuals and organisations with members from many sectors, including academia, the tobacco control community, education, government, healthcare, local government, the media, the NHS, public health, and the private and voluntary sectors.

==== Wales Tobacco Control Alliance ====
The Wales Tobacco Control Alliance (WTCA) is a network managed by ASH Wales to enable all third sector and professional organisations involved with tackling tobacco in Wales to inform and influence policy development and implementation. The WTCA came together to campaign for a comprehensive Tobacco Control Strategy for Wales and now work to monitor this plan and reduce the harm caused by tobacco use more generally. Since 2008 over 30 organisations have joined the WTCA. This includes other charities like Cancer Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, along with professional bodies such as the Royal College of Physicians and the British Medical Association.

Following a campaign by the WTCA the Welsh Government published its Tobacco Control Action Plan in February 2012 which set out a comprehensive strategy containing ambitions to reduce adult smoking prevalence to 16% by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Smoking ban: ASH calls for more legislation to cut adult rates| work=BBC News | date=17 May 2013 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22567778|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref>

== ASH (Australia) ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2018}}

==ASH (Canada) ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}
Founded in 1979, ASH is one of Canada's leading tobacco control organizations.<ref>https://www.ash.ca/</ref>

==ASH Ireland==
In 1992, ASH Ireland was established by the [[Irish Heart Foundation]] and the [[Irish Cancer Society]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ash.ie/about-ash-ireland/aims/ | title=About ASH Ireland, Council of the Irish Heart Foundation | date=16 March 2013 }}</ref>

== ASH (New Zealand) ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2018}}
In [[New Zealand]], ASH was formed in 1983.<ref name="ASHNZabout">{{cite web|title=Action for Smokefree 2025|url=https://www.ash.org.nz/about|website=ASH (New Zealand)|access-date=12 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 2011, the [[New Zealand Government]] set a target of making NZ smokefree by 2025.<ref name="smokefree2025">{{cite web|title=Smokefree 2025|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/tobacco-control/smokefree-2025|website=Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Smoking in the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of cigarette smoke carcinogens]]
* [[Tobacco control]]
* [[Philip Morris v. Uruguay|''Philip Morris v. Uruguay'']]
* [[FOREST]], pro-smoking UK pressure group

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://ash.org/ ASH United States]
* [http://www.ash.org.nz/ ASH New Zealand]
* [http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/ ASH Scotland]
*[https://www.ash.org.uk/ ASH United Kingdom]
* [https://smokefreeaction.org.uk/ Smokefree Action Coalition]

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[[Category:Smoking in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Smoking in the United States]]
[[Category:Smoking in Canada]]
[[Category:Smoking in Australia]]
[[Category:Smoking in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Charities based in London]]
[[Category:Charities based in Wales]]
[[Category:Health campaigns]]
[[Category:Public health organizations]]
[[Category:Health charities in the United States]]
[[Category:Health in Canada]]
[[Category:Health charities in Canada]]
[[Category:Health charities in Australia]]
[[Category:Public health in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Charities based in Scotland]]
[[Category:Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]