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{{Short description|Ceremonial smoking pipe, used by Native Americans}}
{{Redirect|Peace pipe}}
[[File:Peace pipe.jpg|thumb|A pipestem from the upper [[Missouri River]] area, without the pipe bowl, from the collection of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]].]]

A '''ceremonial pipe''' is a particular type of [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|smoking pipe]], used by a number of cultures of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] in their sacred ceremonies. Traditionally they are used to offer prayers in a religious ceremony, to make a ceremonial commitment, or to seal a [[Covenant (historical)|covenant]] or [[treaty]]. The pipe ceremony may be a component of a larger ceremony, or held as a sacred ceremony in and of itself. Indigenous peoples of the Americas who use ceremonial pipes have names for them in each culture's [[Indigenous language]]. Not all cultures have pipe traditions, and there is no single word for all ceremonial pipes across the hundreds of diverse Native American languages.

==Use in ceremonies==
Although often called "peace pipes" by Europeans (and, specifically, ''calumet de paix'', by the French<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Pehr|author-link=Pehr Kalm|title=Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects |publisher=T. Lowndes |year=1772|location=London|translator=Johann Reinhold Forster |page=[https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/344/mode/1up 344] |url= |language=en|oclc=1083889360 |isbn=9780665515002 }}</ref>), the smoking of a ceremonial pipe to seal a peace treaty is only one use of a ceremonial smoking pipe, by only some of the nations that utilize them.

Various types of ceremonial pipes have been used by different [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[Métis]] cultures. The style of pipe, materials smoked, and ceremonies are unique to the specific and distinct religions of those nations. Similarly, the pipes are called by names in that tribe's language. The specific type of pipes smoked in Catholic conversion rituals first in [[Illinois]] and then in [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] territory were known as Calumets.<ref name=Catholic>Leavelle, Tracy Neal (2012) ''[https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780812207040 The Catholic Calumet: Colonial Conversions in French and Indian North America]''. University of Pennsylvania Press.</ref> Historically, ceremonial pipes have been used to mark war and peace, as well as commerce and trade, and social and political decision-making.<ref name="Moore" />

During his travels down the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673, Father [[Jacques Marquette]] documented the universal respect that the ceremonial pipe was shown among all Native peoples he encountered, even those at war with each other. He claimed that presenting the pipe during battle would halt the fighting. The [[Illinois tribe|Illinois]] people gave Marquette such a pipe as a gift to ensure his safe travel through the interior of the land.<ref name="Moore" />

In ceremonial usage, the smoke is generally <!--but not necessarily exclusively-->believed to carry prayers to the attention of the [[Creator deity|Creator]] or other powerful spirits. [[Lakota people|Lakota]] tradition tells that [[White Buffalo Calf Woman]] brought the ''[[Chanunpa]]'' (Lakota sacred pipe) to the people, and instructed them in its symbolism and ceremonies.<ref name=LookingHorse1>Looking Horse, Chief Arvol (March 13, 2003) "[http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2003/04/25/looking-horse-proclamation-protection-ceremonies-88707 Looking Horse Proclamation on the Protection of Ceremonies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125034647/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2003/04/25/looking-horse-proclamation-protection-ceremonies-88707 |date=2015-11-25 }}" at ''[[Indian Country Today Media Network]]''</ref> Many Native American cultures still practice these ceremonies.

According to oral traditions, and as demonstrated by pre-contact pipes held in museums and tribal and private holdings, some ceremonial pipes are adorned with feathers, fur, animal or human hair, beadwork, quills, carvings or other items having significance for the owner. Other pipes are very simple. Many are not kept by an individual, but are instead held collectively by a medicine society or similar indigenous ceremonial organization.

==Varieties and terminology==
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] who use ceremonial pipes have names for them in each culture's indigenous language. There is no single word for all ceremonial pipes across the hundreds of diverse Native cultures.

The [[Lakota people|Lakota]] sacred pipe is called a ''[[Chanunpa|chanupa]]'', also spelled ''chanunpa'' or ''c'anupa''.<ref name=LookingHorse1/>

In some historical sources written by colonists, a ceremonial pipe is referred to as a ''calumet'' (kal-yə-ˌmet, -mət). ''Calumet'' is a [[Norman language|Norman]] word ({{IPA-fr|kalyme|pron}}), first recorded in David Ferrand's ''La Muse normande'' around 1625–1655,<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/calumet CNRTL site etymology of calumet]</ref> and used by Norman-French settlers to describe the ceremonial pipes they saw used among the native peoples of the region.<ref name=Rowland>Rowland, Dunbar (1907)</ref> The settlers initially used the word to refer to the hollow decorated pipe shaft alone while the pipe bowl was a separate ritual object,<ref>[http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/calumetpipe.htm Calumet or "Peace-pipe" of the Indians], ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', Bureau of American Ethnology, 1907</ref> a "sort of reeds used to make pipes", with a suffix substitution for ''calumel''.<ref>The word comes from Late Latin ''calamellus''. The Northern Norman dialect retains the group /ca/, when it turns into /ʃa/ (''cha-'') in Common French and it retains the suffix ''-el'', when it has turned into ''-eau'' in Common French. The fall of the final /l/ is specific for the [[Cauchois dialect]], which explains the later confusion with another suffix ''-et'', pronounced the same way [e].</ref> It corresponds to the French word ''chalumeau'', meaning 'reed' (Modern French also means 'straw', 'blowlamp').<ref>CNRTL</ref><ref>T.F. Hoad, ''English Etymology'', Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 59</ref> The Calumets smoked in Catholic conversion rituals first in [[Illinois]] and then in [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] territory were elaborately carved and decorated.<ref name=Catholic/> The name of the [[Calumet Region]] in Illinois and Indiana may derive from the French term or may have an independent derivation from [[Potawatomi]].<ref name="Moore">{{cite book| last=Moore| first=Powell A.| title=The Calumet Region: Indiana's Last Frontier| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYPAQAAIAAJ| year=1959| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau| access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://wiki.epa.gov/watershed2/index.php/Calumet_River-Frontal_Lake_Michigan Calumet River-Frontal Lake Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021080920/https://wiki.epa.gov/watershed2/index.php/Calumet_River-Frontal_Lake_Michigan |date=2015-10-21 }}, Watershed Central Wiki, U.S. EPA, quoting from the "City of Chicago Calumet Land Use Plan"</ref> Likewise, there is a current [[Umatilla language|Umatilla]] term, ''čalámat''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation|author-link=Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation|last2=Rude|first2=Noel|title=Umatilla Dictionary|date=2014|publisher=Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, in association with University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=9780295994284|page=558}}</ref>

==Materials==
[[File:Black hawk calumet.jpg|thumb|[[Catlinite]] bowl of a ceremonial pipe used by [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]], on display at [[Black Hawk State Historic Site]].]]
Tobacco, ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'',<ref>[http://www.barefootsworld.net/chanunpa.html The Native American Chanunpa, the Sacred Pipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221004931/http://barefootsworld.net/chanunpa.html |date=2012-12-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221004931/http://barefootsworld.net/chanunpa.html |date=2012-12-21 }}<!-- Bot generated title -->, Barefoot's World</ref> was originally used primarily by eastern tribes, but western tribes often mixed it with other herbs, barks, and plant matter, in a preparation commonly known as ''[[kinnikinnick]]''.<ref>Charles L. Cutler. ''Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Boston : 2002).</ref>

One material used for ceremonial pipe bowls in the [[Upper Midwest]] is red pipestone or [[catlinite]],<ref name = Ioway>{{Cite web | title = Catlinite, Calumet Pipes and Pipestone National Monument  | work = Maps, Material, Culture, and Memory: On the Trail of the Ioway | publisher = [[University of Iowa]]  | url = http://archaeology.uiowa.edu/catlinite-calumet-pipes-and-pipestone-national-monument-0 | access-date = 20 August 2015}}</ref> a fine-grained easily worked stone of a rich red color of the [[Coteau des Prairies]], west of the [[Big Stone Lake]] in [[South Dakota]]. The [[Pipestone National Monument|pipestone quarries]] of what today is Minnesota, were neutral ground as people from multiple nations journeyed to the quarry to obtain the sacred pipestone.<ref name = pipestibe>{{Cite web | title = Pipestone National Monument  | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | url = http://www.nps.gov/pipe/index.htm | access-date = 19 May 2012 }}</ref> The [[Sioux people]] use long-stemmed pipes in some of their ceremonies. Other peoples, such as the [[Catawba people|Catawba]] in the American Southeast, use ceremonial pipes formed as round, footed bowls. A tubular smoke tip projects from each of the four cardinal directions on the bowl.

==Pipestone varieties==
[[File:Inlayed Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, early 19th century,50.67.104.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Catlinite Inlayed Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, early 19th century, [[Dakota people|Sisseton Sioux]]]]
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2015}}
[[File:UtePipe3.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Uncompahgre Ute]] Salmon alabaster ceremonial pipe. Ute pipe styles are similar to those of the [[Plains Indians]], with notable differences. Ute pipes are thicker and use shorter pipestems than the plains style and more closely resemble the pipe styles of their Northern neighbors, the [[Shoshone]].]]

A number of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous North American]] cultures make and use ceremonial pipes. However, there are also [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] cultures that do not have a ceremonial smoking tradition, but make pipes for social smoking only. The types of materials used vary by community and locality. Some of the known types of pipe stone and pipe materials are:

;Clay: The [[Cherokee]] and [[Chickasaw]] both fashion pipes made from fired [[clay]], however these are only used for social smoking. They use small [[Phragmites|reed]] cane pipestems made from river cane. These pipes are made from aged river clay hardened in a hot fire.
;Red pipestone
:[[File:MissPipe1.jpg|left|thumb|Mississippian and Eastern Woodlands style "acorn" pipe. These pipes have been found in [[Mississippian culture]] earthwork mounds in the Eastern United States. This acorn pipe is made from South Dakota red pipestone.]] [[Catlinite]] is an iron-rich, reddish, soft [[argillite]] or [[claystone]] typically excavated from beds occurring between hard [[Sioux Quartzite]] layers<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/pipe/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm Geologic Formations, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, National Park Service]</ref> below groundwater level, as the stone erodes rapidly when exposed to the weather and outside air. Red pipestone is used primarily by the [[Plains Indians|Plains Tribes]], and the Western and [[Great Basin Tribes]]. The stone can be found in Minnesota (Pipestone), and [[Utah]] (Delta, Uinta). Sacred pipestone comes from [[Pipestone, Minnesota]]. The quarry is located just north of the town at the [[Pipestone National Monument]]. Today only Native Americans are allowed to quarry the pipestone from this quarry. The pipestone from this quarry is considered the softest stone available.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
;Blue pipestone: is used predominantly by the Plains Tribes for certain types of ceremonial pipes. Deposits of the stone are found in South Dakota.
;Bluestone: a hard, greenish-blue quartzite stone from the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]]. After being worked, it takes on a decidedly greenish cast. This stone has been used by several Eastern Woodlands tribes for pipemaking. Several ancient Mississippian culture bluestone pipes have been excavated.
;Salmon alabaster
: The [[Ute people|Uncompahgre Ute People]] make ceremonial pipes from salmon [[alabaster]] mined in central [[Colorado]].
;Green pipestone: A white on green marbled [[cupric]] pipestone found in [[Wyoming]] and South Dakota is used by the [[Shoshone]], Ute, and Plains Tribes for personal and ceremonial pipes. This stone is also used to carve sacred effigies and religious items.
;Black pipestone (South Dakota): a soft, brittle, white on black marbled pipestone found in South Dakota and used by some of the Plains Tribes for certain types of ceremonial pipes.
;Black pipestone (Uinta): an extremely hard black quartzite slate which has undergone [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] compression and is found in the southeastern drainage of the [[Uinta Mountains]] in Utah and Colorado. This stone has been used by the Great Basin Tribes for war [[club (weapon)|club]]s and pipes that are jet black with a high gloss when polished. Stones which have tumbled down creeks and drainages are always selected, since these stones typically contained no cracks or defects.

==Traditional pipemaking tools==
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2015}}
[[File:Pipestone1.jpg|right|thumb|180px|High-grade red pipestone from [[Delta, Utah]], in both raw and cut-and-slabbed forms]]

One traditional method of manufacture is the use of [[bow drill]]s made with hard white [[quartz]] points for drilling sacred objects from stone.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} One technique uses moistened [[rawhide (textile)|rawhide]] strips rolled in crushed white quartz and stretched with a bow handle to shape and rough the pipes. Pipe bowls may also be shaped with hard [[sandstone]]s, then polished with water and sanded with progressively finer and finer [[abrasive]] grit and animal hide, finally being rubbed with [[fat]] or other oils to complete polishing.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

==See also==
*[[Chanunpa]]
*[[Pipe bag]]
*[[Pipestone National Monument]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Calumet}}
*Cutler, Charles L. (2002) ''Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

==External links==
{{Commons category|Calumets (pipe)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207134526/http://pipestoneminnesota.com/museum/history2.htm Pipestone County Museum&nbsp;– History]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/97736 ''Symbol and Substance in American Indian Art''], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on calumets

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