View source for James B. Duke House

{{Short description|Mansion in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Distinguish|James Buchanan Duke House}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name                     = James B. Duke House
| nrhp_type                = 
| image                    = James B Duke House 001.JPG
| alt                      = Facade of the James B. Duke House
| location                 = 1 E. 78th St., [[Manhattan]], New York City
| coordinates              = {{coord|40|46|35|N|73|57|50|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| district_map             = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|zoom=14|type=point|marker=|title=James B. Duke House}}
| built                    = 1909–1912
| architect                = [[Horace Trumbauer]]
| architecture             = [[French Baroque architecture|French Classical/Louis XV]]
| added                    = November 10, 1977
| area                     = {{cvt|13,325|ft2}}
| refnum                   = 77000956<ref name="nris"/>
| designated_other2_name   = NYC Landmark
| designated_other2_date   = September 15, 1970
| designated_other2_abbr   = NYCL
| designated_other2_link   = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
| designated_other2_number = 0668
| designated_other2_color  = #ffe978
}}
The '''James B. Duke House''' is a mansion at 1 East 78th Street, on the northeast corner of [[Fifth Avenue]], on the [[Upper East Side]] of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. The building was designed by [[Horace Trumbauer]], who drew heavily upon the design of {{ill|Château Labottière|fr}} in [[Bordeaux]]. Constructed between 1909 and 1912 as a private residence for businessman [[James Buchanan Duke]] and his family, the building has housed the [[New York University]] (NYU)'s [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts|Institute of Fine Arts]] since 1959.

The house has a limestone [[facade]] and was designed to look like a two-story structure from the street. An attic story is placed behind the [[balustrade]] on roof level. The house generally contains long windows and high ceilings and has a [[portico]] in the middle of the 78th Street facade. The interior of the first floor is designed in the [[French Baroque architecture|French Classical style]] and consists of four large corner rooms, used as classrooms, which surround a main entrance hall. The second floor originally contained eight bedrooms while the third floor had servants' quarters; these later served respectively as a library and offices. The basement had service rooms, later converted into laboratories.

The James B. Duke House replaced the 1880s-era Henry H. Cook mansion. When Duke died in 1925, his wife Nanaline and daughter [[Doris Duke|Doris]] continued to live in the house until 1958, when they donated the house to NYU. The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated 1 East 78th Street as an official landmark in 1970, and it was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1977.

== Site ==
The James B. Duke House is at 1 East 78th Street in the [[Upper East Side]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. It is on the northeast corner of 78th Street to the south and [[Fifth Avenue]] to the west, directly across Fifth Avenue from [[Central Park]].<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web|title=970 Fifth Avenue, 10075|url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1393/1|url-status=live|access-date=March 20, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729193539/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1393/1}}</ref><ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|pages=448}}</ref> The [[land lot]] covers {{convert|13,325|ft2}} with a [[frontage]] of {{convert|82.17|ft}} on Fifth Avenue and {{Convert|150|ft}} on 78th Street.<ref name="ZoLa" /> The house is largely rectangular in plan, except at the northeast corner, where the house protrudes slightly on the north side.<ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1977|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> Nearby sites include the [[Payne Whitney House]] and the [[Harry F. Sinclair House]] to the north, the [[Stuyvesant Fish House (78th Street, Manhattan)|Stuyvesant Fish House]] to the east, and [[960 Fifth Avenue]] to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" />

In the late 19th century, the site was owned by railroad magnate Henry H. Cook, who had acquired all lots on the [[city block]] between Fifth Avenue, [[Madison Avenue]], and 78th and [[79th Street (Manhattan)|79th]] Streets.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Kathrens|2005|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 10, 1930|title=H. F. Sinclair Sells Home on Fifth Avenue: Oil Man Parts With Residence at 79th Street Corner; East 52d St. Realty Sold|page=33|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113096534}}|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Cook had acquired the site for $500,000 and built a house on the southwest corner of the block in 1883.<ref name="nyt19120630">{{Cite news|date=June 30, 1912|title=New Architecture in Upper Fifth Ave.; the Thoroughfare Above Fifty-ninth Street Undergoing Many Building Changes.|language=en-US|page=X7|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/06/30/100587260.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828130630/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/06/30/100587260.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Cook intended the block to house first-class residences, not [[High-rise building|high-rises]], and only sold lots for the construction of private dwellings.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Kathrens|2005|pp=92–93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 19, 1930|title=Fifth Avenue Block Most Rigidly Restricted in City; Cook Block History. Bought for 500,000. Early Sales by Captain Cook. Well Known Residents.|language=en-US|page=153|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/19/96905831.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By the early 1910s, the value of the land had increased to $6 million.<ref name="nyt19120630" /> Through the early 2000s, the block of Fifth Avenue remained largely intact, compared to other parts of Fifth Avenue's "[[Millionaire's Row]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Malbin|first=Peter|date=August 11, 2002|title=If You're Thinking of Living On/Fifth Avenue; Culture, Convenience and Central Park|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/11/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-fifth-avenue-culture-convenience-central-park.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051453/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/11/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-fifth-avenue-culture-convenience-central-park.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The James B. Duke House was designed in the [[French Baroque architecture|French Classical/Louis XV style]] by [[Horace Trumbauer]].<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="NY1900">{{cite NY1900|page=339}}</ref> Built for the family of [[James Buchanan Duke]], it has served as a building for the [[New York University]] (NYU)'s [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts|Institute of Fine Arts]] since around 1959.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="NPS p. 3">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1977|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> Trumbauer drew heavily upon the design of French architect [[Etienne Laclotte]]'s {{ill|Château Labottière|fr}}, built in 1773 in [[Bordeaux]].<ref name="NY1900" /><ref name="NYCL p. 22">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1977|ps=.|p=22}}</ref> Because Trumbauer did not have a formal architectural education, he delegated the details of his designs to other architects working for him. In particular, the Duke mansion was one of the early works of African American architect [[Julian Abele]].<ref name="nyt19940123" /><ref name="Budin 2013">{{cite web|last=Budin|first=Jeremiah|date=February 21, 2013|title=James B. Duke: Less Frugal Than the Vanderbilts or Astors|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2013/2/21/10271258/james-b-duke-less-frugal-than-the-vanderbilts-or-astors|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729234948/https://ny.curbed.com/2013/2/21/10271258/james-b-duke-less-frugal-than-the-vanderbilts-or-astors|url-status=live}}</ref>

Comparing the house to the [[Edward S. Harkness House]] at 1 East 75th Street, [[Paul Goldberger]] wrote that the Duke House seemed "overwhelming".<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 29, 1979|title=Design Notebook|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/29/archives/design-notebook-architecture-and-scale-size-is-not-the-point.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051454/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/29/archives/design-notebook-architecture-and-scale-size-is-not-the-point.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, [[Henry Hope Reed Jr.]] praised the house's "monumentality in what is, for New York, a low building".<ref name="Horsley"/><!-- The house has been used as a film location on several occasions, such as the engagement party scene in the 1981 film ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]''. In March 2007, the [[Pilot (Dirty Sexy Money)|pilot]] for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s drama ''[[Dirty Sexy Money]]'' was filmed there. In 2017, interior shots for the film ''[[The Greatest Showman]]'' were filmed there. In 2018, scenes for the film ''[[The Goldfinch (film)|The Goldfinch]]'' were filmed there. -->

=== Facade ===
[[File:5 Av Sep 2021 83.jpg|thumb|Entrance portico detail]]
The [[facade]] is made of limestone, which is designed in a fine quality that looks like marble. From the street, the house was designed to look like a two-story structure. An attic story is placed behind the [[balustrade]] on roof level.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NYCL-0668">{{cite web|date=September 15, 1970|title=New York University Institute of Fine Arts (Formerly James B. Duke Mansion)|url=https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0668.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201051029/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0668.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2020|access-date=January 1, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|url-status=live}}</ref> To make the Duke mansion appear as an overscaled version of the Château Labottière, Trumbauer hid the service rooms in the basement and the servants' bedrooms in the attic.<ref name="NY1900" /> The Duke House occupies nearly its entire land lot.<ref name="nyt20140619">{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=2014-06-19|title=One Century's Breathing Room Is Another's Hiccup|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/realestate/nyu-project-runs-up-against-century-old-easements.html|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214404/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/realestate/nyu-project-runs-up-against-century-old-easements.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On Fifth Avenue, the house is slightly recessed behind an areaway. A stone balustrade separates the areaway from the sidewalk.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NYCL-0668" /> There is a yard on the north side of the house, separating it from the Payne Whitney House at 972 Fifth Avenue directly to the north.<ref name="NYCL p. 22" /><ref name="nyt20140619" /> Another alley on the east side, measuring {{Convert|10|ft}} wide, separates the Duke House from a neighboring building at 3 East 78th Street.<ref name="nyt20140619" /> The Duke House's facade contains seven vertical [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] of openings on the south, facing 78th Street, and four bays of openings on the west, facing Fifth Avenue.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The house generally contains long windows and high ceilings to give it the impression of a large mansion.<ref name="NYCL p. 22" />

The main entrance is in the center bay on 78th Street. It contains a double-story [[portico]] flanked by vertical [[pilaster]]s with [[quoin]]s. The entrance is recessed within the portico and is flanked by [[Doric order|Doric]]-style columns on the ground floor.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NYCL p. 22" /> It is accessed by a short flight of steps with a balustrade that contains low relief panels. Inside the opening is a set of double doors in a round-arched opening, with stone [[bas-reliefs]] in the [[spandrel]]s at the top corners. The [[Keystone (architecture)|keystone]] above the door has a [[console bracket]] with a relief depicting a woman's head.<ref name="NYCL p. 22" /> At the second story is a balcony with an iron railing and [[Ionic order|Ionic]]-style columns.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NYCL-0668" />  There is a [[French window]] behind the balcony, topped by a carved [[Swag (motif)|swag]] and a panel with a swag and ribbons.<ref name="NYCL p. 22" /> The top of the portico contains a triangular [[pediment]] supported by [[corbel]]s, within which is a [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] containing carved figures.<ref name="NYCL pp. 22-23">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1977|ps=.|pp=22&ndash;23}}</ref>

The remainder of the facade is similarly ornate. Each corner of the facade contains pilasters with quoins, similar to those surrounding the portico. The windows at the ground floor are surrounded by banded moldings and have balustrades at the bottom. The balustrades of each ground-story window are visually connected by [[band course]]s within the spaces between each window. On the second story, each window is surrounded by a banded molding and has a wrought-iron window guard at the bottom, as well as a carved swag atop the window. The spaces between the windows on both stories are made of stone panels in low relief, while a band course separates the floors horizontally. The facade is topped by a large [[entablature]] and a [[cornice]] supported by [[modillion]]s.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NYCL pp. 22-23" /> The entablature has talon and [[egg-and-dart]] moldings as well as a blank frieze; at the portico, the entablature projects slightly from the facade.<ref name="NYCL pp. 22-23" />

=== Interior ===
The house has 32 rooms in total.<ref name="David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library 2021">{{cite web|date=July 13, 2021|title=New York Mansion (1 E. 78th Street), 1908-1975|url=https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uadukefamilynewyorkapts_aspace_ref13_ymb|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214405/https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uadukefamilynewyorkapts_aspace_ref13_ymb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p1324225563">{{cite news|date=10 Feb 1959|title=Old Duke Home Becomes Fine Arts Institute Site|page=3|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1324225563}}}}</ref> According to the [[New York City Department of City Planning]], the Duke House has a [[gross floor area]] of {{Convert|31,089|ft2}}.<ref name="ZoLa" /> However, media sources have described the house as having {{Convert|40000|ft2}}.<ref name="Budin 2013" /><ref name="nyt19580107" /> Originally, numerous artworks were displayed throughout the house. These included ''Portrait of Raphael Franco'' ([[Thomas Gainsborough]], 1780), ''Portrait of Lord Peter Burrell, Lord Gwydyr'' (Gainsborough, 1787), and ''Gentleman in a Red Coat'' ([[Henry Raeburn]], 1800).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paintings from the Duke Collection|url=https://www.newportrestoration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Great-Hall-Painting-Guide-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=Newport Restoration|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730015541/https://www.newportrestoration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Great-Hall-Painting-Guide-1.pdf}}</ref> Many of the house's original architectural records are in the collection of [[Duke University Libraries]].<ref name="David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library 2021" />

====First floor====
[[File:Marta_Chilindron.jpg|thumb|Interior staircase]]The communal interiors on the first floor, which guests could visit, were designed in the French Classical style.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NY1900" /> On each side of the main entrance were reception rooms for guests.<ref name="AA1915" /> These were converted respectively to a development office to the west and a directors' office to the east.<ref name="IFA p. 16" /> On the ground floor, the Duke mansion was designed around a grand entrance hall,<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="NY1900" /> officially known as the Marica Vilcek Great Hall.<ref name=NYU2021>{{cite press release|date=May 10, 2021|title=Marica Vilcek, Philanthropist and Art Historian, Honored by NYU Institute of Fine Arts|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2021/may/NYUInstituteOfFineArtsToHonorMaricaVilcek.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|publisher=New York University|archive-date=August 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801001552/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2021/may/NYUInstituteOfFineArtsToHonorMaricaVilcek.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|[[Marica Vilcek]], the hall's namesake, was a former chairwoman of the Institute of Fine Arts' board and also the cofounder of the [[Vilcek Foundation]].<ref name=NYU2021/>}} This main hall contains stone reliefs, which are carved to resemble classical figures such as [[putti]]. The floor is made of polychrome tile. On the northern wall is a U-shaped marble staircase leading to the second floor.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> North of the staircase is a kitchen.<ref name="AA1915" /><ref name="IFA p. 16" /> East of the main staircase, an additional stair leads up to the second floor and down to the basement, while an elevator leads to all stories.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Institute of Fine Arts|2020|pp=16&ndash;17}}</ref> The elevator was originally outfitted in rose and gold decoration.<ref name="p1324225563" />

The former public rooms, including the dining, drawing, and music rooms, were arranged at the four corners of the ground floor. They retain many of the original furnishings and decorations.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="nyt19940123">{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=January 23, 1994|title=Streetscapes/The Duke Chateau; A Grand, Sophisticated 1912 House Crumbling Away|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/23/realestate/streetscapes-the-duke-chateau-a-grand-sophisticated-1912-house-crumbling-away.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729202343/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/23/realestate/streetscapes-the-duke-chateau-a-grand-sophisticated-1912-house-crumbling-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The library was in the southwest corner, the dining room in the northwest, the music room in the northeast, and the drawing room in the southeast.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="AA1915" /> Because of the shape of the house, the music room was slightly larger than the other corner rooms. The former music room has arched openings with swags, [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted pilasters]] with capitals, relief panels, and an [[architrave]] with festoons and a cornice; many of the decorations are gilded.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The music room has an arched opening with a small performers' balcony that contains an iron railing.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> {{As of|2020}}, the Loeb Room, Marble Room, Lecture Hall, and Seminar Room respectively occupy the southwest, northwest, northeast, and southeast rooms.<ref name="IFA p. 16" />

====Other stories====
The second floor had eight large bedrooms.<ref name="NY1900" /><ref name="nyt19940123" /><ref name="AA1915">{{cite magazine|date=April 7, 1915|title=House at Seventy-Eighth Street and Fifth Avenue, New York, Horace Trumbauer, Architect|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015007552006&view=1up&seq=22&skin=2021|magazine=American Architect|volume=107|pages=210|access-date=July 30, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730145706/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015007552006&view=1up&seq=22&skin=2021|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Seven of these bedrooms are documented by the [[National Park Service]]: three each to the east and west of the main hall, as well as one in the center of the main hall. Various service rooms such as closets and bathrooms are also scattered around the second floor.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> An eighth room is just east of the center bedroom.<ref name="AA1915" />}} Also on the second floor was a linen room, dress closet, clothes rooms, a pantry, and bathrooms.<ref name="AA1915" /> The attic had twelve suites for servants.<ref name="nyt19940123" /><ref name="AA1915" /> The Institute of Fine Arts has a library in the second-floor bedrooms and faculty offices in the attic.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /><ref name="IFA p. 17">{{harvnb|ps=.|Institute of Fine Arts|2020|p=17}}</ref> Two stairs connect the second and third floors, one on either side of a skylight on the north side of the house.<ref name="IFA p. 17" />

Service rooms such as the laundry, kitchen, and servants' dining room were placed in the basement.<ref name="NY1900" /><ref name="NPS p. 3" /> The kitchen and servants' dining room was placed in the western side of the basement, while the laundry was in the northeast corner. Other rooms such as a pantry, storerooms, and linen rooms were arranged around a corridor connecting the kitchen and dining room with the laundry. Servants' suites were placed on smaller corridors leading off the main basement corridor.<ref name="AA1915" /> When the Institute of Fine Arts took over the building, these rooms were converted to laboratories.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> {{As of|2020}}, the basement has several offices.<ref name="IFA p. 16">{{harvnb|ps=.|Institute of Fine Arts|2020|p=16}}</ref> A fire stair replaced a dumbwaiter to the kitchen, but the basement furnishings remain largely intact.<ref>{{cite web | title=Big Old Houses: A Very Big Stage | website=New York Social Diary | date=June 1, 2020 | url=https://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/big-old-houses-a-very-big-stage/ | access-date=July 30, 2021 | archive-date=July 30, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730153247/https://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/big-old-houses-a-very-big-stage/ | url-status=live }}</ref> From the basement, another staircase and the elevator lead to the sub-basement, which has a multi-purpose room and more offices.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Institute of Fine Arts|2020|pp=16, 18}}</ref>

== History ==
[[James Buchanan Duke]] was a wealthy businessman from North Carolina.<ref name="NYCL-0668" /><ref name="NPS p. 4">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1977|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> In 1890, he became president of the [[American Tobacco Company]], formed by the merger of several U.S. tobacco companies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hendrickson|first=K.E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdwsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8108-8888-3|series=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History|page=22|issue=v. 3|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729202343/https://books.google.com/books?id=EdwsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> James moved to [[4 East 52nd Street]] in what is now [[Midtown Manhattan]] in 1907, shortly before he married Nanaline Inman.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 16, 1907|title=Another Boise Arrest.; Prosecution Charges C.W. Aller With Perjury.|language=en-US|page=3|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/07/16/101727623.pdf|access-date=June 18, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717144824/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/07/16/101727623.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, Duke was already considering buying Cook's 78th Street mansion "as a present for his bride", according to ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 9, 1907|title=Duke to Buy Cook Home; Tobacco Trust's Head Will Occupy 5th Avenue Mansion After Marriage.|language=en-US|page=1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/07/09/101727183.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214727/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/07/09/101727183.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Even after the American Tobacco Company was dissolved by antitrust action in 1911, Duke remained a wealthy businessman, organizing competing companies and founding the Southern Power Company (later [[Duke Energy|Duke Power]]) and [[Duke University]].<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1977|ps=.|p=19}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
In January 1909, Duke purchased the Henry H. Cook mansion for $1.5 million. He initially planned to alter the house, with [[C. P. H. Gilbert]] designing the alterations.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 10, 1909|title=Cook Mansion Sold|language=en-US|page=4|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/01/10/101732503.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214708/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/01/10/101732503.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 10, 1909|title=Pays $1,500,000 for Home|pages=1|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79765464/pays-1500000-for-home/|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628203140/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79765464/pays-1500000-for-home/|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1909, Duke planned to construct an entirely new residence on the Cook site and was already demolishing the Cook house.<ref name="nyt19090829">{{Cite news|date=August 29, 1909|title=Mansion for J.B. Duke.; To Build $1,000,000 Residence at Fifth Avenue and Seventy-eight Street.|language=en-US|page=10|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/08/29/101038432.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214723/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/08/29/101038432.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Trumbauer had been hired to design a new residence there, and John T. Brady & Co. had been hired as the general contractor.<ref name="nyt19090829" /><ref name="rer19100604">{{cite magazine|date=June 4, 1910|title=New Palaces on Fifth Avenue|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_045&page=ldpd_7031148_045_00001240&no=1|magazine=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=85|pages=1194–1195|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2203|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729224726/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_045&page=ldpd_7031148_045_00001240&no=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Referring to the Cook house's relatively young age, ''The New York Times'' wrote at the time, "Is it possible that twenty-five years hence people will be talking about the 'old' Duke house?"<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 29, 1909|title=In the Real Estate Field; Sale of the Marquand Mansion -- Evidence That Old Estates are Waking up -- Latest Deal by Brokers.|language=en-US|page=10|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/08/29/101038429.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214711/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/08/29/101038429.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the furnishings in the Cook mansion were sold at deep discounts: for instance, a $15,000 fireplace was sold for $300 and panels worth $55 apiece were sold for $3 each. The demolition contractor called it "the best-built house ever torn down in New York City".<ref name="Budin 2013" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Tauranac|first=John|title=Elegant New York: The Builders and the Buildings, 1885-1915|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-89659-458-6|publication-place=New York|page=116|oclc=12314472}}</ref>

In September, Duke sold a small parcel on the north side of the site, measuring {{Convert|20|by|100|ft}}, to his neighbor [[William Payne Whitney]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 18, 1909|title=Conveyances|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_044&page=ldpd_7031148_044_00000580&no=3|magazine=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=84|pages=538|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2166|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729224957/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_044&page=ldpd_7031148_044_00000580&no=3|url-status=live}}</ref> The next month, Trumbauer filed plans for a three-story Renaissance-style residence on the site, to cost $365,000.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 16, 1909|title=The Duke House|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_044&page=ldpd_7031148_044_00000728&no=2|magazine=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=84|pages=686|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2170|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729224729/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_044&page=ldpd_7031148_044_00000728&no=2|url-status=live}}</ref> By mid-1910, the masonry at the ground story had been laid.<ref name="rer19100604" /> The final design elements of the James B. Duke House were being installed by June 1912.<ref name="nyt19120630" />

=== Duke residence ===
[[File:James_B_Duke_House_002.JPG|thumb|Detail of the portico]]

During 1912, Duke and his pregnant wife Nanaline moved into the house with their fourteen servants;<ref>{{cite web|last=Tifft|first=Susan E.|date=January 1, 2005|title=Out of the Shadows|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/out-of-the-shadows-85569503/|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630001446/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/out-of-the-shadows-85569503/|url-status=live}}</ref> the house had ultimately cost $1 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=August 25, 2002|title=Streetscapes/Manhattan Town Houses of Horace Trumbauer; Sumptuous Sophistication for the Country Estate Set|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/realestate/streetscapes-manhattan-town-houses-horace-trumbauer-sumptuous-sophistication-for.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170246/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/realestate/streetscapes-manhattan-town-houses-horace-trumbauer-sumptuous-sophistication-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Their only child, [[Doris Duke]], was born the same November.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 4, 1912|title=Heiress for Duke Millions|pages=2|work=Oxford Public Ledger|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82442812/heiress-for-duke-millions/|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729234947/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82442812/heiress-for-duke-millions/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the events the Dukes hosted in their new house was a dinner dance in March 1913.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 30, 1913|title=Mr. and Mrs. Duke Entertain|page=5|work=The Atlanta Constitution|id={{ProQuest|496686734}}}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' dedicated a page in an illustrated supplement to photographs of the house, which it dubbed the "costliest home opened on Fifth Avenue within a year".<ref>{{cite news|date=January 5, 1914|title='Costliest Home' on Fifth Avenue for Mrs. J. B. Duke|page=2|work=The Atlanta Constitution|id={{ProQuest|496802089}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 4, 1914|title=Costliest Home Opened on 5th Avenue Within a Year|pages=93|work=The New York Times|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82443518/costliest-home-opened-on-5th-avenue/|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729234947/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82443518/costliest-home-opened-on-5th-avenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to New York state census records from 1915, the three Dukes lived with two relatives and thirteen servants.<ref name="Dolkart 1995">{{cite book|last=Dolkart|first=Andrew|title=Touring the Upper East Side : Walks in Five Historic Districts|publisher=New York Landmarks Conservancy|year=1995|isbn=978-0-9647061-0-1|publication-place=New York|page=|oclc=33327707}}</ref>{{efn|''The New York Times'' quoted fourteen servants as living with the Dukes.<ref name="nyt19940123" />}} The [[1920 United States census]] showed that all of the servants working at the house at that point had been hired after 1915, except for their 50-year-old cook Mathilda Andrews.<ref name="nyt19940123" /> The 78th Street house, while spacious, was the Dukes' secondary residence; their primary residence was [[Duke Farms]] in New Jersey.<ref name="Budin 2013" />

James B. Duke died at his 78th Street home on October 10, 1925, having suffered from pneumonia for several weeks.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 11, 1925|title=Jas. B. Duke, Philanthropist And Tobacco Pioneer, Dies: Bronchial Pneumonia Follows Breakdown at Newport|page=1|work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1114017516}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 11, 1925|title=Jas. Buchanan Duke, Tobacco King, 68, Dies of Pneumonia; Succumbs at 5th Av. Home With Wife and Daughter at Bedside|language=en-US|page=1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/11/104189539.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In James's will, Doris received a large part of her father's $150 million estate (which she could access when she attained the age of majority), while Nanaline received the 78th Street house; the [[Rough Point]] estate on [[Newport, Rhode Island]]; and the [[James Buchanan Duke House|family's Charlotte, North Carolina, house]].<ref>{{cite news|date=October 24, 1925|title=Girl, 12, Gets BuIk of Duke's $150,000,000: Tobacco Pioneer's Daughter Has $100,000 a Year Until Huge Trust Is Due|page=1|work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune|issn=|id={{ProQuest|1112847566}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 24, 1925|title=James B. Duke Wills Bulk of $100,000,000 to Widow and Child; Leaves Another $10,000,000 to Endowment for University at Durham, N. C.|language=en-US|page=1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/24/98841800.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Due to an unusual clause in the will, James had stipulated that these properties be sold immediately, but Doris was to be given sufficient funds to purchase the properties back. As a result, Doris successfully sued her mother for control of the house in early 1927 as part of a "friendly" lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 11, 1927|title=J. B. Duke Daughter, 14. Gets $1,600,000 Home by Judgment: Guardian's Friendly Suit Over Part of Tobacco Man's Will Settles Ownership of New York Residence|page=1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113516751}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt19270211" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Schwarz|first=Ted|title=Trust No One: The Glamorous Life and Bizarre Death of Doris Duke|publisher=Vivisphere Publishing|year=1997|isbn=978-1-892323-17-0}}</ref> Doris wished to avoid the formality of placing the residence through an auction, which would entail having guests enter the home to assess the furnishings, potentially damaging it. The then-14-year-old Doris received both the house itself, valued at $1.6 million, and its furnishings, valued at $600,000. Doris was placed in charge of paying off the $615,000 mortgage and Nanaline in charge of interest payments on the mortgage.<ref name="nyt19270211">{{Cite news|date=February 11, 1927|title=Doris Duke, 14, Gets $1,600,000 House|language=en-US|page=12|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/02/11/97225323.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

As a teenager, Doris continued to reside in the family house on 78th Street, referring to it as "the rock pile" in her adulthood.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pace|first=Eric|date=October 29, 1993|title=Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/29/obituaries/doris-duke-80-heiress-whose-great-wealth-couldn-t-buy-happiness-is-dead.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826173510/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/29/obituaries/doris-duke-80-heiress-whose-great-wealth-couldn-t-buy-happiness-is-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the late 1920s, apartment buildings were being constructed on the adjacent blocks. This prompted Nanaline Duke to ask the [[New York Supreme Court]] in 1929 to reduce the house's valuation from $1.6 million to $970,000, citing the apartment construction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 7, 1929|title=Mrs. Duke Asks Cut in House Assessment; Reduction of $630,000 Is Sought Because of Apartment Construction on Fifth Avenue.|language=en-US|page=16|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/05/07/95944268.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 7, 1929|title=Fifth Avenue Private Homes Have Lost Value|page=45|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111693354}}}}</ref> The house was assessed at $1.5 million in 1931, prompting Nanaline to sue again to reduce the value to $975,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 9, 1931|title=Mrs. Duke Seeks Court Review Of $1,500,000 Assessment|page=29|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1114180463}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 9, 1931|title=Mrs. Duke Fights Big Assessment.|language=en-US|page=38|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/05/09/102233407.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> When Doris Duke turned twenty-one years old in 1933, she received a substantial part of the bequest that had been held in trust for her.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 22, 1933|title=Doris Duke, 21, Takes Reins of Fortune Today: Gels $10,000,000 Wow as Third of Father's Trust Fund; More in 4 Years Assumes Burdens, Too May Have Quiet Birthday Party in Her Town House Controls $10,000,000|page=36|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1125467999}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 22, 1933|title=Doris Duke at 21 Is Wealthiest Girl: Birthday Brings First Part of $30,000,000 Legacy, 5 Homes and Corps of Servants.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/11/22/90654591.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A little more than a year later, Doris married [[James H. R. Cromwell]] at the 78th Street house.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 14, 1935|title=Doris Duke, 22, Married Here To Cromwell, 38: Tobacco Heiress Bride of Mrs. E. T. Stolesbury's Son in Surprise Ceremony|page=1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1237364021}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 14, 1935|title=Doris Duke Is Wed to J. H. R. Cromwell; 'Wealthiest Girl in the World,' 22, Is Bride of Advertising Man at Surprise Ceremony.|language=en-US|page=23|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/02/14/93452614.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Even when Doris Duke remarried to [[Porfirio Rubirosa]] in 1947, she retained ownership of the 78th Street house and several other properties.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 2, 1947|title=Doris Duke Wed in Paris to Porfirio Rubirosa: Dominican Consul Reads Rite in Spanish, Bride Gives Vow in English|page=1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1319866473}}}}</ref> However, the house was mostly used by Nanaline in later years.<ref name="Nast 1958">{{cite magazine|date=January 24, 1958|title=Duke House|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/02/01/duke-house|first=Geoffrey T.|last=Hellman|access-date=July 30, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051453/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/02/01/duke-house|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- At some point in the mid-20th century, "No Parking" signs were illegally placed outside the Duke house; they were removed in early 1951.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 31, 1951|title=Miss Duke Loses Her 'No Parking' Signs; Police Conduct Drive on Illegal Placards|language=en-US|page=12|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/03/31/89787402.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>-->

=== Institute of Fine Arts ===
[[File:5 Av Sep 2021 87.jpg|thumb|Seen from the east]]
In January 1958, Nanaline and Doris Duke donated the building to the NYU Institute of Fine Arts.<ref name="nyt19580107" /> The building was valued at the time at $1.6 million.<ref name="David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library 2021" /> The donation allowed the institute to more than double its space from {{Convert|19000|ft2}}, at their old location on 17 East 80th Street, to {{Convert|40000|ft2}} at the Duke House.<ref name="nyt19580107">{{Cite news|date=January 7, 1958|title=Duke Home Given to N.Y.U. Art Unit; Mansion at 1 East 78th St. To House Institute Now at 17 East 80th St.|language=en-US|page=84|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/01/07/89035355.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The architecture firm of [[Robert Venturi]], Cope & Lippincott renovated the building for academic use.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1975-09.pdf|title=Recycling and Restoring Landmarks: An Architectural Challenge and Opportunity|first=Morris Jr. |last=Ketchum|magazine=AIA Journal|volume=64|issue=3|date=Sep 1975|page=31|access-date=July 30, 2021|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214711/https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1975-09.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The renovation, Venturi's first project,<ref name="nyt20140603">{{Cite news|last=Chaban|first=Matt A. V.|date=June 3, 2014|title=Seeking to Expand an Uptown Site, N.Y.U. Finds Itself in an Alley Fight|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/nyregion/seeking-to-expand-an-uptown-site-nyu-finds-itself-in-an-alley-fight.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730015539/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/nyregion/seeking-to-expand-an-uptown-site-nyu-finds-itself-in-an-alley-fight.html|url-status=live}}</ref> involved preserving most of the interior spaces.<ref name="p1324225563" /><ref name="nyt20140603" /> NYU dedicated the institute's new quarters in the Duke House in February 1959.<ref name="p1324225563" /><ref name="nyt19590210" /> The dedication party was reportedly the first time the house had hosted a party in twenty years.<ref name="nyt19590210">{{Cite news|last=Knox|first=Sanka|date=February 10, 1959|title=N.Y.U. Party Held at Duke Mansion; Dedication as School's Fine Arts Center Marks First Fete There Since '39|language=en-US|page=30|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/02/10/80760810.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> NYU's occupancy of the Duke House preserved it for the time being, especially when other mansions on Fifth Avenue's "Millionaires' Row" were being demolished.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ennis|first=Thomas W.|date=June 12, 1960|title=Remnants of 'Millionaire's Row' Today House Libraries and Schools|language=en-US|page=31|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/06/12/99501131.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

<!-- A Landmarks of New York plaque was erected in 1959 by the [[New York Community Trust]]. -->The [[New York Landmarks Conservancy]] praised the Duke House's "superb adaptive reuse" when the NYU renovation was completed.<ref name="Horsley">{{cite web|last=Horsley|first=Carter B.|title=The Upper East Side Book: Fifth Avenue: The New York University Institute of Fine Arts, originally the James B. Duke House|url=https://www.thecityreview.com/ues/fifave/nyuduke.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=The City Review|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214406/https://www.thecityreview.com/ues/fifave/nyuduke.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dolkart 1995" /> As early as 1966, the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) was considering designating the Duke House as part of a city historic district.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 9, 1966|title=City Hall Hearing Set On Uptown Landmarks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/09/archives/city-hall-hearing-set-on-uptown-landmarks.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051452/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/09/archives/city-hall-hearing-set-on-uptown-landmarks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The LPC designated the house as an individual landmark on September 15, 1970, calling it "one of the adornments of Fifth Avenue and one of the last reminders of the Age of Elegance".<ref name="NYCL-0668" /> The house was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on November 10, 1977.<ref name="nris">{{cite web|date=February 6, 1979|title=Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 7107 (Feb. 6, 1979)|url=http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/fedreg/fr044/fr044026/fr044026.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230122005/http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/fedreg/fr044/fr044026/fr044026.pdf|archive-date=December 30, 2016|access-date=March 8, 2020|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|page=7538 (PDF p. 338)}}</ref> The same year, the LPC designated the house as part of the Metropolitan Museum Historic District, a collection of 19th- and early 20th-century mansions around Fifth Avenue between 78th and 86th Streets.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ranzal|first=Edward|date=September 21, 1977|title=Museum Area a Historic District|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/21/archives/museum-area-a-historic-district.html|access-date=March 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729234947/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/21/archives/museum-area-a-historic-district.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 21, 1977|title=Art Museum Area Named as Historic|pages=290|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82460310/art-museum-area-named-as-historic/|access-date=July 30, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051453/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82460310/art-museum-area-named-as-historic/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:James B- Duke House 2012-09-12 17-06-15.jpg|thumb|left|Under renovation in 2012]]

[[Richard Foster (architect)|Richard Foster]] renovated the house again in the late 1970s, adding an 80,000-volume library on the second floor. [[John L. Loeb]] and the [[Hagop Kevorkian]] Fund financed the renovation, which cost $1.2 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Huxtable|first=Ada Louise|date=November 13, 1977|title=Architecture View|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/13/archives/architecture-view-updating-landmarks-con-amore.html|access-date=July 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051456/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/13/archives/architecture-view-updating-landmarks-con-amore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For his work, Foster received an award in 1978 from the [[Connecticut Society of Architects]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 13, 1979|title=Greenwich Architect Honored|pages=10|work=The Herald Statesman|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82459961/greenwich-architect-honored/|access-date=July 30, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051453/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82459961/greenwich-architect-honored/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the New York Landmarks Conservancy gave the project an award for "excellence in the redesign of a landmarks building".<ref name="AJ 1979-01">{{cite magazine|url=https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1979-01.pdf|title=Briefs|magazine=AIA Journal|volume=68|issue=1|date=Jan 1979|page=80|access-date=July 30, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730232845/https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1979-01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1990s, the house was visibly deteriorating, and [[sidewalk shed]]s had to be erected to protect visitors.<ref name="nyt19940123" /> Next door at 3 East 78th Street, former institute chairman [[Sheldon Solow]] acquired a ground-floor condominium in 1999.<ref name="nyt20140603" /> Solow ultimately bought two floors in the adjacent building and donated them to NYU in 2007. The space was to contain a library named after him; the library would include several thousand art and architecture books that were being stored in the James B. Duke House and other locations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beatty|first=Sally|date=2007-07-20|title=One for the Books|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118488359612772234|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816221054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118488359612772234|url-status=live}}</ref>

The James B. Duke House was renovated starting in 2012. The facade, roof, and basement were preserved, and the existing materials were retained as much as possible.<ref>{{cite web|title=James B. Duke House|url=https://cooper.edu/project/james-b-duke-house|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=The Cooper Union|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730051454/https://cooper.edu/project/james-b-duke-house|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2012, NYU started negotiating with the condominium board of the neighboring 3 East 78th Street to expand into that building.<ref name="nyt20140603" /> In 2014, NYU proposed creating an enclosed breezeway slightly above the alley separating the Duke House and 3 East 78th Street. The move received opposition from residential condominium owners at 3 East 78th Street, who feared the move would damage their properties.<ref name="nyt20140603" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=June 3, 2014|title=NYU Is In an Alley Fight With An Upper East Side Condo|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2014/6/3/10092398/nyu-is-in-an-alley-fight-with-an-upper-east-side-condo|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730015539/https://ny.curbed.com/2014/6/3/10092398/nyu-is-in-an-alley-fight-with-an-upper-east-side-condo|url-status=live}}</ref> The dispute was based on the fact that, while NYU owned the ground-floor condominium in the neighboring building, it did not own the exterior wall.<ref name="nyt20140619" /> After a 2016 lawsuit where NYU sued 3 East 78th Street's condominium board over delays to the renovation,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrano|first=Gina|date=April 18, 2016|title=Upper East Side Headache Sends NYU to Court|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/upper-east-side-headache-sends-nyu-to-court/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Courthouse News|language=en-US|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214405/https://www.courthousenews.com/upper-east-side-headache-sends-nyu-to-court/}}</ref> NYU renovated the neighboring condominium unit in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 East 78th Street|url=https://www.nyu.edu/community/nyu-in-nyc/construction/current-projects/East-78th-Street-Sidewalk_Project.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|website=New York University|archive-date=July 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214405/https://www.nyu.edu/community/nyu-in-nyc/construction/current-projects/East-78th-Street-Sidewalk_Project.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Architecture|New York City|NRHP}}
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

* {{cite report|date=November 10, 1977|title=James B. Duke Mansion|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/77000956.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1977}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Kathrens|first=Michael C.|title=Great Houses of New York, 1880–1930|publisher=Acanthus Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-926494-34-3}}
* {{cite report|date=1977|title=Metropolitan Museum Historic District|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0955.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{sfnref|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1977}}}}
* {{cite report|url=https://ifa.nyu.edu/pdfs/academics/Institute_of_Fine_Arts_Handbook.pdf|title=Student Handbook, 2020&ndash;2021|publisher=New York University Institute of Fine Arts|date=2020|ref={{harvid|Institute of Fine Arts|2020}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|James B. Duke House}}
*{{cite magazine|date=April 1913|title=Residence, J. B. Duke, 1 East 78th St, New York, Horace Trumbauer, Architect|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924015137759&view=1up&seq=268&skin=2021|magazine=Architecture|volume=27|pages=268–269}}

{{Fifth Avenue}}
{{New York University}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in New York}}
{{American Tobacco Company}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duke, James B., House}}
[[Category:1912 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:American Tobacco Company|D]]
[[Category:Duke family residences]]
[[Category:Fifth Avenue]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1912]]
[[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York University]]
[[Category:Upper East Side]]