View source for Smoking in Indonesia

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{{outdated|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Area Merokok Stasiun Sidoarjo.jpg|thumb|Smoking area in [[Sidoarjo Station]]]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vrouwen sorteren tabaksbladeren in de schuur van de tabaksonderneming Tandjong Morawa te Serdang Oost-Sumatra. TMnr 60047703.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tobacco]] factory in [[Sumatra]]]]
[[File:Anti Tobacco Movement Jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|Anti-tobacco protest in [[Jakarta]]]]

'''Smoking in Indonesia''' is common, as there are approximately 57 million smokers in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/Indonesia_tobacco_taxes_report_en.pdf|title=Tobacco Economics in Indonesia|publisher=International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|year=2008|access-date=March 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110133556/http://global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/Indonesia_tobacco_taxes_report_en.pdf|archive-date=January 10, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Of [[Demographics of Indonesia|Indonesian people]], 63% of men and 5% of women reported being smokers, a total of 34% of the population.<ref name="TFC">{{Cite web|url=http://tobaccofreecenter.org/resources_country/indonesia|title=Indonesia|publisher=Tobacco Free Center|access-date=September 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611004049/http://tobaccofreecenter.org/resources_country/indonesia|archive-date=June 11, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> 88% of Indonesian smokers use [[clove]]-flavoured  [[kretek|kreteks]].<ref name="TFC"/>  Kretek manufacturers directly employ over 180,000 people in Indonesia and an additional 10 million indirectly.<ref>Hanusz, Mark ''Smoke''; ''A Century of Kretek'' pp. 140-143</ref> Indonesia is the fifth largest tobacco market in the world, and in 2008 over 165 billion cigarettes were sold in the country.<ref name="TFC"/> 

Major tobacco companies dominating the market in Indonesia according to the year of establishment include: 

*[[Sampoerna|HM Sampoerna]] ([[Philip Morris International]], 1913), in the first place.
*[[Bentoel Group|Bentoel International Investama]] ([[British American Tobacco]], 1930), in the second place.
*Nojorono Tobacco International (1932), in the third place.
*[[Djarum]] (1951), in the fourth place.
*[[Gudang Garam]] (1958), in the fifth place.
*[[Wismilak Group|Wismilak Inti Makmur]] (1962), in the sixth place.
*Tri Sakti Purwosari Makmur (1974), in the seventh place.
*Indonesian Tobacco (1980), being the eighth and the last place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/tobacco-in-indonesia/report|publisher=Euro Monitor|title=Country Report: Tobacco in Indonesia|date=August 2011}}</ref>

The [[WHO]] has ranked Indonesia third in the world for total number of smokers.<ref name=English/>

==Kretek cigarettes==
{{Main article|Kretek}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kinderen aan het werk in een sigarettenfabriek Nederlands-Indië TMnr 10022097.jpg|thumb|Child labour in the Kretek industry of the [[Dutch East Indies]] era.]]
Kretek is credited as an invention by Nitisemito of Kudus, an industrial town in [[Central Java]]. They emerged in the late 19th century in [[Java]]. The practice was to roll, by hand, a compound of [[tobacco]], [[cloves]] and [[cocoa solids|cocoa]] in a dry corn husk wrap, which gives a honeyed flavour. It was Nitisemito who introduced cigarette papers in place of corn husk; following this simple innovation, a Kretek manufacturing factory was opened in [[Sumatra]]. The first brand of cigarette produced in this factory, "Bal Tiga" (three balls), became very popular, and as result, the economy of Kudus prospered.<ref name= Backshall/>

The inventor popularized his brand of cigarettes through a concerted media campaign, even establishing his own radio station for the purpose.{{fact|date=November 2014}} He touted his habit of smoking kretek as the cure for his [[asthma]]. Intense competition (25 manufactures are now reported in the city and its suburbs) combined with poor management resulted in his eventual financial failure, when he died in 1953.<ref name= Backshall>{{Cite book|last= Backshall|first= Stephen|title= The Rough Guide to Indonesia|page=266|access-date=2010-09-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoIooGXjPYC&pg=PA266|publisher= Rough Guides|year= 2003|isbn=1-85828-991-2}}</ref> Another brand is [[Gudang Garam]], founded by [[Chinese Indonesian]] businessman [[Surya Wonowidjojo]].<ref name="Prominent">Leo Suryadinata. ''Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995.</ref> It has the distinction of being the largest single [[Economy of Indonesia|employer in Indonesia]].<ref name=Eliot>{{Cite book|last=Eliot|first=Joshua|author2=Liz Capaldi |author3=Jane Bickersteth |title= Indonesia handbook, Volume 3|page=244|access-date=2010-09-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktv0_me9x2UC&pg=PA244|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn=1-900949-51-2}}</ref>

Kretek is very popular in rural areas as this type of cigarette is cheap. Kretek is known to burn slowly, and also self-extinguish.<ref name=Gupta>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Praksh C.|title= Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay|page=16|access-date=2010-09-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&pg=PA16|publisher= Prakash C. Gupta|year=1992|isbn=0-19-562961-2}}</ref>  Evidence seems to suggest oral lesions may be less common than with other cigarette types. Due to this effect, cigarette smoking has largely replaced [[betel]] chewing.<ref name= Macleod>{{Cite book|last=Macleod|first=Mudo J.|author2=Evelyn Sakakida Rawski |url=http://www.google.co.in/search?q=Smoking%20in%20Indonesia&hl=en&resnum=1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=nws:1,bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=np|title=European intruders and changes in behaviour and customs in Africa, America, and Asia before 1800: Snippet View|access-date=2010-09-06|publisher= Ashgate|year=1998|isbn= 0-86078-522-X}}</ref>

The term "Kretek" is [[onomatopoeic]], referring to the crackling sound that is produced when such cigarettes are burnt and inhaled.<ref name= Backshall/>

Kretek cigarettes contain high concentration of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]], approximately four times that of the strongest [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboros]].<ref name="BMJ-Reynolds1">{{cite journal|last1=Reynolds|first1=Catherine|title=The fourth largest market in the world|journal=Tobacco Control|date=1 March 1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89–91|doi=10.1136/tc.8.1.89|url= |issn=0964-4563|pmc=1763937|pmid=10465825}}</ref> Some countries (such as the [[United States]]) have banned marketing flavoured cigarettes (including kreteks), as these are often seen as more appealing to the youth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Delnevo|first1=Cristine D.|last2=Hrywna|first2=Mary|title=Clove cigar sales following the US flavoured cigarette ban|journal=Tobacco Control|date=1 December 2015|volume=24|issue=e4|pages=e246–e250|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051415|pmid=24652459|s2cid=207035108|url=http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/24/e4/e246|issn=0964-4563}}</ref> The other harmful effect mentioned is from the [[clove oil]] used in making Kretek. The clove oil or [[eugenol]] is harmful to the lungs. The Indonesian Health Department reported in 2000 that 200,000 people are affected by [[cancer]] every year but eugenols exact relation to smoking has not been evaluated. Due to the popularity of Kretek, 5% of the national revenue is from this source, next only to the revenue from oil. Indonesia also records the highest growth of cigarette industry in the world, accounting for 4% of the world consumption.<ref name= Backshall/>

While cigarette smoking is declining throughout the world, in Indonesia, the industry continues to thrive. Indonesia has one of the highest smoking rates in the world and is currently one of the biggest producers of tobacco worldwide,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Danubrata|first1=Eveline|last2=Beo Da Costa|first2=Agustinus|title=Exclusive: Indonesia eyes decree on tobacco after bill runs into opposition|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-tobacco-idUSKBN1710WJ|access-date=19 May 2018|work=Reuters|date=30 March 2017}}</ref> with [[Malaysia]] and the [[United States]] being two of their important markets.<ref name=Report/> There are hundreds of tobacco companies in the country, with [[Gudang Garam]], [[Djarum]], [[Sampoerna]], [[Bentoel Group|Bentoel]] and [[ Wismilak]] dominating the Indonesian market share.<ref name="BMJ-Reynolds1" />

Kretek was initially a habit of the lower classes of society. However, it has now become very popular among the "middle class and intelligentsia, to the extent that it has become very ''de rigueur'' and a mark of Indonesian-ness."<ref name=Eliot/>

==Harmful effects and regulations==
Tobacco smoking in Indonesia is said to claim 300,000 lives every year.<ref name="Republika">{{Cite web|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/12/05/29/m4sanu-pembunuh-sadis-ini-menewaskan-300-ribu-orang-tiap-tahun|title='Pembunuh Sadis' Ini Menewaskan 300 Ribu Orang Tiap Tahun|author=Endah Hapsari|date= May 30, 2012 <!-- , 10:12 WIB --> |publisher= Republika Online|language=Indonesian|access-date=2013-08-10}}</ref> Even though Indonesia has required "no smoking" signs in health care units, educational institutions and in [[public transportation]] system, there is no ban on smoking in government and private offices, restaurants and bars. Tax exemptions in Indonesia provide an incentive to the manufacturers to advertise the sale of cigarettes as compared to other countries in the region, in spite of the [[World Bank]] suggesting higher tax rates. As a result, tobacco manufacturers almost run cigarette advertisements for free. All these factors, plus its low cost, have contributed to the extensive proliferation of cigarette smoking in Indonesia among people of all ages.<ref name="TFC"/> 

So much so, that even a two-year-old child picked up the habit of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day in his fishing village, where every one smokes. It was reported that the child's grandfather initiated his son into this habit at the age of 18 months. However, press reports indicate that the child has been placed in rehabilitation by keeping him in a different environment under the care of a psychologist, and as a result the child has given up smoking.<ref name=toddler>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100903/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_smoking_toddler|title=Indonesia's smoking toddler kicks the habit|access-date=2010-09-06|agency=The Associated Press|via=Yahoo! News|date=September 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906195225/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100903/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_smoking_toddler|archive-date=2010-09-06}}</ref> The government of Indonesia is now contemplating introducing regulations that would ban the advertising of cigarettes, smoking in public places and selling cigarettes to children.<ref name=English/>

==Main issues==

===Cigarette advertisements===
{{main|Cigarette advertising in Indonesia}}
Unlike the rest of the world, cigarette advertising are still allowed in Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation/country/indonesia/summary |access-date=December 25, 2020 |website=Tobacco Control Laws |language=en}}</ref> and as of 2021, Indonesia is the only country in the world to allow cigarette advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Vania Rossa |author2=Dini Afrianti Efendi |date=November 10, 2021 |title=Jelang HKN 2021, Indonesia Jadi Satu-Satunya Negara di Dunia yang Izinkan Iklan Rokok |language=id |work=Suara.com |url=https://www.suara.com/health/2021/11/10/202439/jelang-hkn-2021-indonesia-jadi-satu-satunya-negara-di-dunia-yang-izinkan-iklan-rokok |access-date=November 12, 2021}}</ref> However, it is prohibited to show cigarettes and advertising must include [[Tobacco packaging warning messages|smoking warning messages]]. In Indonesia itself, such advertisements known under the name {{lang|id|iklan rokok}} in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]. In 2003, cigarette advertising and promotions in Indonesia was valued at $250 million.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Tony Sitathan |date=July 11, 2003 |title=Indonesia: Smoke, Smoke, Smoke that Cigarette |language=en |work=Asian Times |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG11Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |access-date=September 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030802082827/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG11Ae01.html |archive-date=August 2, 2003}}</ref> In addition to television and outdoor advertisements, sporting events sponsored by cigarette brands or companies also occur.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Gloria Setyvani Putri |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Menurut WHO, Djarum Memang Tidak Boleh Sponsori Event Olahraga |language=id |work=Kompas.com |url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2019/09/09/113949123/menurut-who-djarum-memang-tidak-boleh-sponsori-event-olahraga?page=all |access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref>

===Child smoking===
According to an official spokesman of a special commission set up to protect children's rights (KPAI) and evolve regulations to prevent children getting addicted to smoking, "The future of 80 million Indonesian children is at stake as the cigarette producers were intentionally aiming children as their future market through massive TV advertisements and sponsorships on activities in which teenagers involved the most."<ref name=English>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/90880/7122690.html|title=Indonesia struggling to deter children from smoking|access-date=2010-09-06|publisher=People’s Daily Online|date=2010-08-30}}</ref>

More than 30% of Indonesian children reportedly smoke a cigarette before the age of 10.<ref name="Yahoo">{{Cite news|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/4/20100903/twl-toddler-who-smoked-40-a-day-kicks-hi-41f21e0.html |title=Toddler Who Smoked 40 a Day Kicks Habit |publisher=Yahoo! News |access-date=September 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905224404/http://uk.news.yahoo.com/4/20100903/twl-toddler-who-smoked-40-a-day-kicks-hi-41f21e0.html |archive-date=September 5, 2010 }}</ref> In 2010, a two-year-old boy from [[Sumatra]], Ardi Rizal, made global headlines for having a 40-a-day cigarette habit.<ref name="Yahoo"/><ref>Jewel Topsfield, [http://www.smh.com.au/world/how-indonesias-famous-smoking-baby-kicked-his-smoking-habit-and-took-up-another-20170615-gws4yw.html Indonesia's 'smoking baby' kicked his habit but the battle against tobacco rages on] ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'',  June 17, 2017</ref>

In 2003, [[cigarette advertising]] and promotion in Indonesia was valued at $250 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG11Ae01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030802082827/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG11Ae01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=August 2, 2003|title=Indonesia: Smoke, smoke, smoke that cigarette|publisher=Asian Times|date=July 11, 2003|access-date=September 3, 2010}}</ref> It is thus one of the most distinctive tobacco manufacturing hubs in the world. Smoking Kretek is said to be "an ingrained part of [[Indonesian culture]]". An all pervading scent of kretek smoke is distinctly discerned in Indonesia.<ref name=Report>{{Cite book|title= The Report: Indonesia 2009|page=123|access-date=2010-09-06|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KTGjgqhjx0IC&pg=PA123|publisher= Oxford Business Group|year=2009|isbn= 978-1-907065-05-7}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" caption="Smoking in Indonesia" mode=packed>
File:Malaysia by Gosia Drewa - 004.JPG|A row of A Mild advertisements (lower right) near Samarinda Central Plaza, [[Samarinda]], East Kalimantan.
File:Singaraja 200507-9.jpg|Street view in [[Singaraja]], Bali, with a Djarum Super Compact Size advertisement in the far right, captured in 2005.
File:Peringatan karena merokok saya terkena kanker tenggorokan.jpg|Warning seen in current advertisements, used since late 2018.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkkMhKEfOqw Tobaccoland], a [[Vice (television show)|Vice]] documentary on the total lack of tobacco regulations in Indonesia.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Smoking In Indonesia}}
[[Category:Indonesian culture]]
[[Category:Health in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Smoking by country|Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tobacco in Indonesia]]