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The Tobacco Institute, Inc. was a United States tobacco industry trade group, founded in 1958 by the American tobacco industry.[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". [2] It was dissolved in 1998 as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.[3]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

Founding

The Tobacco Institute was founded in 1958 as a trade association by cigarette manufacturers, who funded it proportionally to each company's sales. It was initially to supplement the work of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), which later became the Council for Tobacco Research. The TIRC work had been limited to attacking scientific studies that put tobacco in a bad light, and the Tobacco Institute had a broader mission to put out good news about tobacco, especially economic news.[4] It also attacked scientific studies, although more by casting doubt on them rather than by rebutting them directly. It also lobbied Congress, although initially at a low level.[5]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  Robert Hockett (first scientific director of Sugar Research Foundation, a sugar-equivalent of TIRC) became TIRCs associate scientific director.[6]

Activities

Lobbying and policy work

The Tobacco Institute collected intelligence on attitudes toward smoking, developed strategies, and lobbied legislators. Allan M. Brandt wrote, "The Tobacco Institute, on behalf of the companies, assembled an impressive record of derailing attempts to bring tobacco under any regulatory mandates whatsoever".[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  By 1978 the Tobacco Institute had 70 lobbyists, and Senator Ted Kennedy said in 1979, "Dollar for dollar they're probably the most effective lobby on Capitol Hill".[5]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

The Tobacco Institute hired the Roper Organization in 1978 to survey public attitudes on environmental tobacco smoke.[7]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  Among its findings were "Nearly six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the non-smoker's health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it, nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." A 1985 meeting of the Executive Committee of the Tobacco Institute outlined plans to broaden the indoor air quality issue.[8] In December 1987 the Tobacco Institute's Executive Committee discussed creating an industry-based Center for Indoor Air Research, intended to broaden the question of indoor air pollution beyond tobacco smoke. The CIAR was created in March 1988 by Philip Morris, R. J. Reynolds, and Lorillard.[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

In 1990 the Tobacco Institute opposed federal regulations banning smoking on domestic airline flights.[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

Advertising

The Tobacco Institute ran advertisements and issued pamphlets for general readers. One advertisement consisted of facing two-page advertisements titled "A word to smokers (about nonsmokers and anti-smokers)" and "A word to nonsmokers (about smokers)." The ad encourages tolerance of smokers by depicting smoking as a "personal choice" and a "small ritual". There was no mention of any health effects.[9] An example pamphlet is Answers to the Most Asked Questions about Cigarettes.[10]

The institute also published newsletters aimed at physicians and dentists such as Tobacco and Health (OCLC 48549026)[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  and a newsletter Tobacco Observer (OCLC 4556750) that seems to have been aimed at a general audience. Richard Kluger characterized Tobacco Observer as "attack literature."[5]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

White papers

The Tobacco Institute published a large number of lengthy "white papers". Scanned copies of many of these are available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. Many of these papers rebutted scientific reports critical of tobacco. The Tobacco Institute's response to such a report was rapid: a rebuttal was published[11] to the 1979 Surgeon General's report on "Smoking and Health" one day before that report was issued. Another rebuttal[12] was issued to James Repace and Alfred Lowrey's report "A Quantitative Estimate of Nonsmokers' Lung Cancer Risk."

A press release from the Tobacco Institute attacked the 1986 Surgeon General's report on second-hand smoke,[13] saying that the Surgeon General had distorted the evidence and that Health and Human Services was suppressing contrary scientific viewpoints.[14] There was also a longer rebuttal paper.[15]

The Tobacco Institute criticized the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 1993 report declaring tobacco smoke to be a Class A human carcinogen.[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

Stealthy techniques

In at least one case the Tobacco Institute paid for an article to be written and placed in a major national magazine while keeping their involvement secret. The article, "To Smoke or Not to Smoke—That is still the Question"[16] by Stanley Frank was published in the January 1968 issue of True magazine. Frank was paid $500 by Brown & Williamson to write the article,[17]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  and the Tobacco Institute paid $500,000 to Rosser Reeves to publicize the article and distribute one million copies of it.[1]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2".  The story of the Tobacco Institute's involvement was uncovered and published by Consumer Reports.[18]

Demise

By the 1990s the Tobacco Institute had lost its preeminent role in tobacco lobbying to the market leader, Philip Morris, but continued to gather intelligence on anti-smoking sentiment and legislative actions.[5]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

In 1998, as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, the Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research, and the Council for Tobacco Research were dissolved.[3]<span title="Script error: No such module "DecodeEncode".">: Script error: No such module "String2". 

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Brandt, Allan M. (2007). The Cigarette Century: the Rise, Fall and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group. ISBN 978-0-465-07047-3.
  2. ↑ "Government lays out fraud case against Big Tobacco". CNN.com. 2004-09-21. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Tobacco Institute's headquarters were kept secret from everyone except its most senior members, hence there are no references to their location in this article. "Master Settlement Agreement" (PDF). National Association of Attorneys General. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ Timmins, William M. (1989). Smoking and the Workplace: Issues and Answers for Human Resources Professionals. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-899-30423-6.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kluger, Richard (1997). Ashes to Ashes: American's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-70036-1.
  6. ↑ Kearns, Cristin E.; Glantz, Stanton A.; Schmidt, Laura A. (2015). "Sugar Industry Influence on the Scientific Agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research's 1971 National Caries Program: A Historical Analysis of Internal Documents". PLOS Medicine. 12 (3): e1001798. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798. PMC 4355299. PMID 25756179.
  7. ↑ "A Study of Public Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco Industry in 1978, v. I". Roper Organization. May 1978. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Kloepfer Jr., William (1985-04-10). "Report on Public Smoking Issue". Tobacco Institute. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ "A word to smokers". University of California at San Francisco, Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. 1979-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  10. ↑ "Answers to the Most Asked Questions about Cigarettes". Tobacco Institute. 1982. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ "Smoking and Health 1964–1979: The Continuing Controversy". Tobacco Institute. 1979-01-10. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ "Situation Report: Tobacco Smoke in the Air". Tobacco Institute. May 1985. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ↑ The health consequences of involuntary smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 14990774.
  14. ↑ "Government Health Officials Involved in Efforts to Censor Dissenting Scientific Viewpoints; Tobacco Institute Demands Cabinet-Level Investigation; Accuses Officials of Abusing Science for Political Ends" (Press release). Tobacco Institute. 1986-12-11. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  15. ↑ "Tobacco Smoke and the Nonsmoker: Scientific Integrity at the Crossroads". Tobacco Institute. 1986. Retrieved 2008-07-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ Frank, Stanley (January 1968). "To Smoke or Not to Smoke—That is Still the Question". True. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  17. ↑ Glantz, Stanton; John Slade; Lisa A. Bero; Peter Hanauer; Deborah E. Barnes (1996). The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21372-2.
  18. ↑ "The truth about...True's Article on Smoking". Consumer Reports: 336–339. June 1968. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  19. ↑ For instance, Tobacco Seems To Be A Non-ethics Area, Dave Barry, June 19, 1988, Chicago Tribune

External links

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