American Tobacco Company

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American Tobacco Company
TypePrivate (1890–1969)
Subsidiary (1969–94)
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DefunctScript error: No such module "WikidataIB".
FateRestructuring and sale to American Brands, Inc.
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Headquarters
Durham, North Carolina
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsCigarettes and related tobacco products
BrandsFatima
Mecca
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Number of employees
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ParentAmerican Brands, Inc. (1969)
SubsidiariesLucky Strike (1905–76)
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The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter and Goodwin & Company. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.[1]

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".

History

Origins

James Buchanan Duke, founder

James Buchanan Duke's entrance into the cigarette industry came about in 1879 when he elected to enter a new business rather than face competition in the shredded pouched smoking tobacco business against the Bull Durham brand, also from Durham, North Carolina.[2]

In 1881, two years after W. Duke, Sons & Company entered into the cigarette business, James Bonsack invented a cigarette-rolling machine. It produced over 200 cigarettes per minute, the equivalent of what a skilled hand roller could produce in one hour, and reduced the cost of rolling cigarettes by 50%.[3] It cut each cigarette with precision, creating uniformity in the cigarettes it rolled. Public stigma was attached to this machine-rolled uniformity, and Allen & Ginter rejected the machine almost immediately.[4]

Early Cross-Cut and Cameo cigarette packs by W. Duke & Sons Co

Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company in 1884. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke’s royalties from $0.30 per thousand to $0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of Bonsack’s mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’.[5] This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could.

In the 1880s, while Duke was beginning to machine-roll all his cigarettes, he saw that growth rates in the cigarette industry were declining. His solution was to combine companies and found “one of the first great holding companies in American history.”[6] Duke spent $800,000 on advertising in 1889 and lowered his prices, accepting net profits of less than $400,000, forcing his major competitors to lower their prices and, in 1890, join his consortium by the name of the American Tobacco Company.[7][8] The five constituent companies of American Tobacco: W. Duke & Sons, Allen & Ginter, W.S. Kimball & Company, Kinney Tobacco, and Goodwin & Company – produced 90% of the cigarettes made in 1890, the first year the American Tobacco Company was listed on the NYSE. Within two decades of its founding, the American Tobacco company absorbed about 250 companies and produced 80% of the cigarettes, plug tobacco, smoking tobacco, and snuff produced in the United States.[6][9] With Duke's market control, American Tobacco grew its equity from $25,000,000 to $316,000,000.

The "Tobacco Trust"

Child laborers at American Tobacco Company in Wilmington, Delaware, 1910, photo by Lewis Hine

American Tobacco Company quickly became known as the “Tobacco Trust” upon its founding. Duke controlled the cigarette market, and his trust caught the attention of legislators in the United States, a country with historical aversion to monopolies.[10]

1914 Bull Durham ad appealing to the experienced smoker who prefers to roll his own cigarettes—the "thirty-third degree smoke veteran"

American Tobacco Company focused solely on making and selling cigarettes, leaving growing of tobacco and retail distribution to independent entrepreneurs.[11] Nonetheless, Duke aimed to eliminate inefficiencies and middlemen through vertical consolidation.[12] The American Tobacco Company began to expand to Great Britain, China, and Japan. The company also maintained an interest in producing other tobacco products in case fads shifted; Duke wanted to be sure that he would be prepared with a multitude of tobacco styles. The Tobacco Trust's international expansion in conjunction with its consolidation of all types of tobacco “ultimately made the Trust so vulnerable to regulation and judicial dissolution”.[13]

The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, and in 1907, the American Tobacco Company was indicted in violation of it.[14] In 1908, when the Department of Justice filed suit against the company, 65 companies and 29 individuals were named in the suit. The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve in 1911 on the same day that it ordered the Standard Oil Trust to dissolve.[14] The ruling in United States v. American Tobacco Co. stated that the combination of the tobacco companies “in and of itself, as well as each and all of the elements composing it whether corporate or individual, whether considered collectively or separately [was] in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize, and a monopolization within the first and second sections of the Anti-Trust Act.”[15]

Dissolution

Dissolution proved complicated. The American Tobacco Company had combined many prior companies and processes. One department would manage a certain process for the entire organization, producing brands previously owned by other companies. “Plants had been assigned specific products without regard for previous ownership.”[16] Over the course of eight months, a plan for the dissolution, meant to assure competition among the new companies, was negotiated.[16]

The trust needed to dissolve in such a way that no manufacturer had a monopoly on any type of tobacco product. Investors, holding millions of dollars of securities, also needed to be considered. A large question was how to distribute trademarks and brands between the resulting companies.[17]

The American Tobacco Company's assets were split off into: American Tobacco Company, the existing R. J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, and Lorillard. The monopoly became an oligopoly.[18] The main result of the dissolution of American Tobacco Trust and the creation of these companies was an increase in advertising and promotion in the industry as a form of competition.[19]

Liggett & Myers

Liggett & Myers kept control of these plants: Liggett and Myers, St. Louis; Spaulding and Merrick, Chicago; Allen and Ginter, Richmond; smoking tobacco factory in Chicago; Nall and Williams, Louisville; John Bollman Company, San Francisco; Pinkerton Company, Toledo; W. R. Irby, New Orleans; two cigar factories in Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the Duke-Durham branch of the American Tobacco Company.[20]

P. Lorillard

P. Lorillard retained the Lorillard properties in addition to S. Anargyos; the Luhrman and Wilburn Tobacco Company; plants in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Brooklyn, Baltimore, and Danville; and the Federal Cigar Company.[20]

More recent history

Lucky Strike relics marking the American Tobacco Historic District in Durham, North Carolina, 2008

At the same time as the antitrust action in 1911, the company's share in British American Tobacco (BAT) was sold. In 1994, BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganized after antitrust proceedings). This brought the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands into BAT's portfolio as part of BAT's American arm, Brown & Williamson. B&W later merged with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 2004.

American Tobacco left Durham in the late 1980s.[21] Brown & Williamson took over the Reidsville, North Carolina operation in 1995 and closed it, costing 1000 people their jobs, but Commonwealth Brands took it over in a deal completed in October 1996, when the plant had 311 employees,[22] and kept 100 of them.[23][24] ITG Brands announced November 1, 2018 that the plant would close in 2020.[25]

Redevelopment

In 2004, the previously abandoned American Tobacco Campus (ATC) in Durham was reopened as a complex of offices, shops, and restaurants. Developed by Capitol Broadcasting and reopened as the American Tobacco Historic District, phase 1 consisted of the Fowler, Crowe, Strickland, Reed, and Washington Buildings, and included the construction of two new parking garages and a waterfall feature through the center of the campus designed by Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart of Atlanta, Georgia and constructed by W. P. Law, Inc. based in Lexington, South Carolina. Phase 2, consisting of the remaining buildings and expansion of the water feature at the north end of the site, was under construction as of late 2006. Many office spaces in the ATC are now used by Duke University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant.[26] The nearby Watts and Yuille Warehouses were listed in 1984 and the Smith Warehouse in 1985.[26]

The American Tobacco Trail, named for the company, is a multi-use rail-trail that begins just south of the Durham complex and runs 22 miles (35 km) towards Chatham and Wake Counties. It follows the route of the railroad (Norfolk Southern Railway (former) Durham Branch) that once served the factories, but was later abandoned when these facilities were shut down.

Advertising

See also: Cigarette card
"Trombone", cigarette card by Duke & Sons, c. 1898

Between 1875 and the 1940s, cigarette companies often included collectible trading cards with their packages of cigarettes. Cigarette card sets document popular culture from the turn of the century, often depicting the period's actresses, costumes, and sports, as well as offering insights into mainstream humor and cultural norms.[27]

American Tobacco commercialised its cards through several brands, such as Recruit, Mecca, Fatima, Ramly, Turkey Red. Old Judge. Old Mill, among others

In the golden age of radio, as well as early television, American Tobacco was known for advertisements featuring a fast-talking tobacco auctioneer named L. A. "Speed" Riggs. His rapid-fire and song-like patter would always end with the exclamation, "Sold, American!"[28] Another famous tobacco auctioneer, F. E. Boone, was often heard in tandem with Riggs.

See also

References

  1. ↑ United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 106 (1911).
  2. ↑ Porter, Patrick G. (1969). "Origins of the American Tobacco Company". Business History Review (1 ed.). President and Fellows of Harvard College. 43 (1): 63. doi:10.2307/3111987. JSTOR 3111987. S2CID 145351728. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  3. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 27–28. ISBN 9780465070473.
  4. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 28. ISBN 9780465070473.
  5. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 29. ISBN 9780465070473.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Porter, Patrick G. (1969). "Origins of the American Tobacco Company". Business History Review (1 ed.). President and Fellows of Harvard College. 43 (1): 59–76. doi:10.2307/3111987. JSTOR 3111987. S2CID 145351728. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780465070473.
  8. ↑ Jenkins, John Wilber: James B. Duke: Master Builder, p. 85. George H. Doran Company, 1927.
  9. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 34. ISBN 9780465070473.
  10. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. p. 34. ISBN 9780465070473.
  11. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 35. ISBN 9780465070473.
  12. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 36. ISBN 9780465070473.
  13. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9780465070473.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 39. ISBN 9780465070473.
  15. ↑ Jenkins, John Wilber (1971). James B. Duke, Master Builder. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 153. ISBN 9780871520661. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 40. ISBN 9780465070473.
  17. ↑ Jenkins, John Wilber (1971). James B. Duke, Master Builder. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 155. ISBN 9780871520661. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  18. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 41. ISBN 9780465070473.
  19. ↑ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 42. ISBN 9780465070473.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jenkins, John Wilber (1971). James B. Duke, Master Builder. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 156. ISBN 9780871520661. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Santiago, Leyla. "Former workers return to American Tobacco after 'remarkable reboot'". WRAL. Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  22. ↑ Weidner, David (October 24, 1996). "Buyout Leaves Owner Upbeat, Workers Uneasy". Greensboro News & Record. p. B6.
  23. ↑ Daniel, Fran (June 25, 1998). "Mayodan Will Survive the Closing of Unifi Inc.'s Plant, Town Officials Say". Winston-Salem Journal. p. D1.
  24. ↑ "Work Slows at Reidsville Tobacco Plant". Greensboro News & Record. December 21, 1996. p. B6.
  25. ↑ "ITG Brands moving tobacco production from Reidsville to Greensboro". News & Record. November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  27. ↑ W. Duke, Sons & Co. Advertising Materials, 1880-1910 on Duke University Digital Library
  28. ↑ Region Focus. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 2003.

Further reading

External links

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