U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state

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Main article: Smoking age
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in North America as of December 2019:
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age is 21
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age is 19
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age is 18

The minimum purchasing age for tobacco in the United States before 2020 varied by state and territory. Since December 20, 2019, the smoking age in all states and territories is 21 after federal law was passed by Congress and signed by former President Donald Trump.

History

See also: Tobacco 21
States that have passed their own Tobacco 21 laws either before or since the passage of the federal Tobacco 21 law (2022):
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  States that have their own Tobacco 21 laws and comply with federal law
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  States that do not have their own Tobacco 21 laws who are covered under the federal Tobacco 21 law
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the United States prior to the passage of the federal Tobacco 21 law:
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 21
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 19
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 18
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the United States as of 1989:
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 19
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 18
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 17
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  Minimum age was 16
<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="Script error: No such module "Color contrast".">  No set minimum age

In the United States, laws regarding the minimum age to purchase and consume tobacco products have been made by states, territories, the District of Columbia and the federal government. Before 1992, states had the sole power to enforce their own minimum ages. These laws first appeared in the late 19th-century, with New Jersey becoming the first state to set a minimum purchase age of sixteen in 1883.[1] By 1920, around half of states had their minimum purchase age of twenty-one and some simply prohibited "minors" (ages 14–24) from purchasing.[1] During the 1920s, due to tobacco industry lobbying, the minimum ages were lowered across the U.S. and ranged from sixteen to nineteen.[1] By 1939, all states had age restrictions for tobacco.[1] However, these laws kept changing throughout the 1950s, with Maryland repealing its age restrictions. The American Cancer Society recommended the minimum age of eighteen in 1963, the American Medical Association recommended twenty-one in 1985,[2] and the United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General recommended nineteen or twenty-one.[3]

State tobacco laws partly changed in 1992 under the Bill Clinton administration when Congress enacted the Synar Amendment, forcing states to create their own laws to have a minimum age of eighteen to purchase tobacco or else lose funding from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.[4] The amendment was passed in response to the teenage smoking rates.[5] All states raised their ages to either eighteen or nineteen by 1993. In 1997, the Food and Drug Administration enacted regulations making the federal minimum age eighteen,[6] though later the U.S. Supreme Court later terminated the FDA's jurisdiction over tobacco, ending its enforcement practices and leaving it up to states.[7]

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act was enacted under the Barack Obama administration, once again setting a federal minimum age of eighteen and prohibited the FDA from setting a higher minimum purchase age.[8] From 1993 to 2012, the smoking age in all states was either eighteen or nineteen. In 2005, the town of Needham, Massachusetts became the first jurisdiction in the country to raise the minimum purchase age to 21.[9] Between 2012 to 2015, local municipalities across the U.S. began raising their smoking ages to twenty-one, with Hawaii becoming the first state to raise its age to twenty-one in 2015.[10] This began the shift in states eventually raising their ages to twenty-one due to the teenage vaping crisis.[11] By 2019, eighteen states had their minimum purchase ages at twenty-one, thirty states had their ages at eighteen, two had it at nineteen and the District of Columbia had it at twenty-one. On December 20, 2019, with the enactment of the Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2020 signed by President Donald Trump, the federal smoking age was raised to twenty-one by changing the minimum purchase age in the 1992 Synar Amendment.[12] The United States Department of Defense followed, raising the age to purchase tobacco to twenty-one on military bases in the U.S. and abroad.[13]

Laws by state

State/territory 1883–1950:
First MLAs enacted		 1950–1970:
Increased marketing towards youth		 1970–1992:
MLA reforms		 1992–2009:
Synar Amendment enacted		 2009–2019:
Tobacco Control Act enacted		 2019–present:
Tobacco 21 enacted
 Alabama None[14] (–1896) 21 (1896–1976) 19[lower-alpha 1] (1976–2019) 21[lower-alpha 2] (2021–)
 Alaska ? (–1959) 18[lower-alpha 3] (1959–?)
16[lower-alpha 4] (?–1988) 		19[lower-alpha 5] (1988–)
 American Samoa 18[lower-alpha 6] (?–)
 Arizona ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 7] (1988–)
 Arkansas ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 8] (1988–2019) 21[lower-alpha 9] (2019–)
 California 16[lower-alpha 10] (?–1911) 18 (1911–2016) 21[lower-alpha 11] (2016–)
 Colorado ? (–1988) None[lower-alpha 12] (c. 1960s–70s) 18[lower-alpha 13] (1970s–2020) 21[lower-alpha 14] (2020–)
 Connecticut None (–1902)
16Template:Fix/category[citation needed] (1902–1987) 		18 (1987–2019) 21[lower-alpha 15] (2019–)
 Delaware ? (–1953) 17Template:Fix/category[citation needed] (1953–1992) 18 (1992–2019) 21[lower-alpha 16] (2019–)
  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Washington, D.C.
 16[31] (?–1990) 18 (1990–2016) 21[32] (2016–)
 Florida ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 17] (1988–2021) 21[lower-alpha 18] (2021–)
 Georgia ? (–1987) 17Template:Fix/category[citation needed] (1987–1993) 18 (1993–2020) 21[lower-alpha 19] (2020–)
 Guam 18 (?–2018) 21[35] (2018–)
 Hawaii 15[lower-alpha 20] (?–1988) 18[lower-alpha 21] (1988–2016) 21[lower-alpha 22] (2016–)
 Idaho 18 (?–2022) 21[lower-alpha 23] (2022–)
 Illinois 18 (?–2019) 21[lower-alpha 24] (2019–)
 Indiana ? (–1980) 16Template:Fix/category[citation needed] (1980–1987)
18 (1987–2020) 		21[lower-alpha 25] (2020–)
 Iowa 16[18] (–1934)
21 (1934–1964) 		18 (1964–) 21[lower-alpha 26] (2020–)
 Kansas ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 27] (1988–)
 Kentucky NoneTemplate:Fix/category[citation needed] (–1990)
16[31] (1990–1992) 		18 (1992–2020) 21[lower-alpha 28] (2020–)
 Louisiana ? (–1988) None[14] (1988–1991)
18[31] (1991–2021) 		21[lower-alpha 29] (2021–)
 Maine ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 30] (1988–2018) 21[44] (2018–)
 Maryland 16[31] (–1989) 18 (1989–2019) 21[lower-alpha 31] (2019–)
 Massachusetts ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 32] (1988–2018) 21[46] (2018–)
 Michigan ? (–1988) 17[lower-alpha 33] (?–1988)
18 (?–2019) 		21[lower-alpha 34] (2020–)
 Minnesota ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 35] (?–2020) 21[lower-alpha 36] (2020–)
 Mississippi ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 37] (?–2020) 21[lower-alpha 38] (2020–)
 Missouri ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 39] (?–)
 Montana None[14] (–1993) 18[31] (1993–2020) 21[lower-alpha 40] (2020–)
 Nebraska ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 41] (1988–)
19 (?–2020) 		21[lower-alpha 42] (2022–)
 Nevada ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 43] (1988–2021) 21[lower-alpha 44] (2021–)
 New Hampshire ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 45] (1988–?)
19[lower-alpha 46] (?–2020) 		21[lower-alpha 47] (2020–)
 New Jersey None (–1883)
16[lower-alpha 48] (1883–1988) 		18[lower-alpha 49] (–2006)
19[lower-alpha 50] (2006–2017) 		21[55] (2017–)
 New Mexico None (–1988) 18 (?–2020) 21[lower-alpha 51] (2020–)
  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data New York (state)

Script error: No such module "Redirect template".

? (–1886)
16[lower-alpha 52] (1886–?) 		18[lower-alpha 53] (1988–2019) 21[lower-alpha 54] (2019–)
 North Carolina ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 55] (1988–)
 North Dakota ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 56] (1988–2021) 21[lower-alpha 57] (2021–)
 Northern Mariana Islands 18[lower-alpha 58] (?–)
 Ohio ? (–1939)
18[lower-alpha 59] (1939–2019) 		21[lower-alpha 60] (2019–)
 Oklahoma ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 61] (1988–2020) 21[lower-alpha 62] (2020–)
 Oregon Banned[lower-alpha 63] (1920–1955) None[lower-alpha 64] (1955–1988)
18[lower-alpha 65] (1988–2018) 		21[65] (2018–)
 Pennsylvania ? (–1988) 16[lower-alpha 66] (1988–?)
18[lower-alpha 67] (?–2020) 		21[lower-alpha 68] (2020–)
 Puerto Rico 18[lower-alpha 69] (?–)
 Rhode Island None (–1939)
16[lower-alpha 70] (1939–?) 		18[lower-alpha 71] (1988–2021> 21[lower-alpha 72] (2021–)
 South Carolina ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 73] (1988–)
 South Dakota ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 74] (1988–)
 Tennessee 21[lower-alpha 75] (?–1970s) 18[lower-alpha 76] (1988–2021) 21[lower-alpha 77] (2021–)
 Texas 16[lower-alpha 78] (–1989) 18[lower-alpha 79] (1989–2019) 21[lower-alpha 80] (2019–)
  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data U.S. Virgin Islands
 18[lower-alpha 81] (?–)
 Utah 21[lower-alpha 82] (?–1953) 19[lower-alpha 83] (1953–2019) 21[lower-alpha 84] (2019–)
 Vermont ? (–1988)
17[lower-alpha 85] (1988–?) 		18[lower-alpha 86] (?–2019) 21[lower-alpha 87] (2019–)
 Virginia ? (–1988) 16[lower-alpha 88] (1988–?)
18[lower-alpha 89] (?–2019) 		21[lower-alpha 90] (2019–)
 Washington 21[lower-alpha 91] (?–1960s) 18[lower-alpha 92] (1988–2020) 21[lower-alpha 93] (2020–)
 West Virginia ? (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 94] (1988–)
 Wisconsin None[14] (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 95] (?–)
 Wyoming None[14] (–1988) 18[lower-alpha 96] (?–2020) 21[lower-alpha 97] (2020–)

See also

Youth rights
Activities
Theory/concepts
Issues
Organizations
People
Related

Notes

  1. ↑ The minimum legal age to purchase tobacco is aligned with Alabama's age of majority and was lowered from 21 to 19 in 1976.[15][16]
  2. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Alabama has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[17]
  3. ↑ The smoking age in Alaska was 18 upon joining the United States in 1959.[18]
  4. ↑ The smoking age in Alaska was 16 in 1988.[19]
  5. ↑ The smoking age in Alaska was raised from 16 to 19 sometime between 1988–2022.[20] Since 2019, the smoking age in Alaska has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 19. In 2022, Governor Dunleavy veoted a bill raising the smoking age.[21]
  6. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in American Samoa has been 21 under federal law. Under current territorial law, it is 18.[22]
  7. ↑ The smoking age in Arizona was 18 in 1988.[14] Since 2019, the smoking age in Arizona has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18. A spokeswomen for the attorney general of Arizona said in 2020 that their office could not enforce the federal law.[23]
  8. ↑ The smoking age in Arkansas was 18 in 1988.[14]
  9. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Arkansas General Assembly in 2019 three weeks prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law. It included a grandfather clause that exempted adults born before December 31, 2000.[24] After the passage of the federal Tobacco 21 law, Governor Asa Hutchinson announced that Arkansas would be enforcing federal law which did not include a grandfather clause.[25]
  10. ↑ The smoking age in California was 16 prior to 1911.[26]
  11. ↑ The smoking age in California was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 and it included an exemption for military personnel 18–20.[27]
  12. ↑ Colorado temporarily repealed its MLA in the 1960s and 70s.[18]
  13. ↑ The smoking age in Colorado was 18 in 1988.[14]
  14. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Colorado has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align with federal law.[28]
  15. ↑ The smoking age was raised in Connecticut from 18 to 21 in 2019 two months prior to the passage of the federal Tobacco 21 law.[29]
  16. ↑ The smoking age was raised in Delaware from 18 to 21 in 2019 seven months prior to the passage of the federal Tobacco 21 law.[30]
  17. ↑ The smoking age in Florida was 18 in 1988.[14]
  18. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Florida has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[33]
  19. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Georgia has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[34]
  20. ↑ The smoking age in Hawaii was 15 in 1963.[18]
  21. ↑ The smoking age in Hawaii was 18 in 1988.[14]
  22. ↑ The smoking age in Hawaii was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016.[36]
  23. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Idaho has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2022 to align federal and state law.[37]
  24. ↑ The smoking age was raised by the Illinois General Assembly to 21 in 2019 five months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law.[38]
  25. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Indiana has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[39]
  26. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Iowa has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[40]
  27. ↑ The smoking age in Kansas was 18 in 1988.[14] Since 2019, the smoking age in Kansas has been 21 under federal law. Under state law, it is 18.[41]
  28. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Kentucky has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[42]
  29. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Louisiana has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[43]
  30. ↑ The smoking age in Maine was 18 in 1988.[14]
  31. ↑ The smoking age was raised in Maryland from 18 to 21 in 2019 one month prior to the passage of the Tobacco 21 federal law.[45] It included an exemption for military members 18–20.
  32. ↑ The smoking age in Massachusetts was 18 in 1988.[14]
  33. ↑ The smoking age in Michigan was 17 in 1988.[14]
  34. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Michigan was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[39]
  35. ↑ The smoking age in Minnesota was 18 in 1988.[14]
  36. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Minnesota was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[47]
  37. ↑ The smoking age in Mississippi was 18 in 1988.[14]
  38. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Mississippi was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[48]
  39. ↑ The smoking age in Missouri was 18 in 1988.[14] Since 2019, the smoking age in Missouri has been 21. Under state law, it is 18.[49]
  40. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Montana was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[50]
  41. ↑ The smoking age in Nebraska was 18 in 1988.[14]
  42. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Nebraska was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2022 to align federal and state law.[51]
  43. ↑ The smoking age in Nevada was 18 in 1988.[14]
  44. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Nevada was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[52]
  45. ↑ The smoking age in Nevada was 18 in 1988.[14]
  46. ↑ The smoking age in New Hampshire was raised from 18 to 19 sometime between 1988–2020.
  47. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in New Hampshire was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[53]
  48. ↑ The smoking age in New Jersey was 16 in 1883 and in 1988.[18]
  49. ↑ The smoking age in New Jersey was raised from 16 to 18 sometime between 1998–2006.
  50. ↑ The smoking age in New Jersey was raised from 18 to 19 in 2006.[54]
  51. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in New Mexico was 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[56]
  52. ↑ The smoking age in New York was 16 in 1886.[18]
  53. ↑ The smoking age in New York was raised from 16 to 18 sometime between 1886–1988.
  54. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the New York State Legislature and signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo in 2019 five months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law. The governor stated: "By raising the smoking age from 18 to 21, we can stop cigarettes and e-cigarettes from getting into the hands of young people in the first place and prevent an entire generation of New Yorkers from forming costly and potentially deadly addictions,"[57]
  55. ↑ The smoking age in North Carolina was 18 in 1988.[14] Since 2019, the smoking age in North Carolina has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18. In 2020, some tobacco shops started to complied with federal law while others only complied with state law.[58] An officer with the North Carolina Department of Public Safety described the conflicting laws: “We’re in limbo trying to figure out what we can and cannot do,”[59]
  56. ↑ The smoking age in North Dakota was 18 in 1988.[14]
  57. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in North Dakota has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[60][61]
  58. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in the Northern Mariana Islands has been 21 under federal law. Under current territorial law, it is 18.[62]
  59. ↑ The smoking age in Ohio was 18 in 1939.[18]
  60. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Ohio General Assembly in 2019 five months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law.[63]
  61. ↑ The smoking age in Oklahoma was 18 in 1988.[14]
  62. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Oklahoma has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[64]
  63. ↑ Tobacco was banned by a constitutional amendment in Oregon in 1920.[18]
  64. ↑ Oregon temporarily repealed its ban on selling tobacco to minors in 1955.[18]
  65. ↑ The smoking age in Oregon was 18 in 1988.[14]
  66. ↑ The smoking age in Pennsylvania was 16 in 1988.[14]
  67. ↑ The smoking age in Pennsylvania was raised from 16 to 18 sometime between 1988–2020.
  68. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Pennsylvania has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law. State law included an exemption for military personnel 18–20.[66]
  69. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in the Puerto Rico has been 21 under federal law. Under current territorial law, it is 18.Template:Fix/category[citation needed]
  70. ↑ The smoking age in Rhode Island was 16 in 1939.[18]
  71. ↑ The smoking age in Rhode Island was 18 in 1988.[18]
  72. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Rhode Island has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[67][68]
  73. ↑ The smoking age in South Carolina was 18 in 1988.[18] Since 2019, the smoking age in South Carolina has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18.[69]
  74. ↑ The smoking age in South Dakota was 18 in 1988.[18] Since 2019, the smoking age in South Dakota has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18.[70]
  75. ↑ The smoking age in Tennessee was 21 before the 1970s. There were efforts to lower it to 18/19 in the 1960s.[14]
  76. ↑ The smoking age in Tennessee was 18 in 1988.[14]
  77. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Tennessee has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2021 to align federal and state law.[71]
  78. ↑ The smoking age in Texas was 16 in 1988.[14]
  79. ↑ The smoking age in Texas was raised from 16 to 18 in 1989.[72]
  80. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Texas Legislature four months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law. State law included a grandfather clause that exempted adults born before August 31, 2001 and an exemption for military personnel 18–20.[73]
  81. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in the Puerto Rico has been 21 under federal law. Under current territorial law, it is 18.Template:Fix/category[citation needed]
  82. ↑ The smoking age in Utah prior to 1953 was 21.[18]
  83. ↑ The smoking age in Utah was lowered from 21 to 19 in 1953.[18]
  84. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Utah State Legislature ten months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law. State law included an exemption for military personnel and their spouses and dependents 19–20.[74]
  85. ↑ The smoking age in Vermont was 17 in 1988.[14]
  86. ↑ The smoking age in Vermont was raised from 17 to 18 sometime between 1988–2019.
  87. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Vermont General Assembly three months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law.[75]
  88. ↑ The smoking age was 16 in 1988.[14]
  89. ↑ The smoking age in Vermont was raised from 16 to 18 sometime between 1988–2019.
  90. ↑ The smoking age was raised to 21 by the Virginia General Assembly five months prior to the federal Tobacco 21 law.[76]
  91. ↑ The smoking age in Washington was 21 before the 1970s. There were efforts to lower it to 18/19 in the 1960s.[18]
  92. ↑ The smoking age in Washington was 18 in 1988.[14]
  93. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Washington has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[77]
  94. ↑ The smoking age in West Virginia was 18 in 1988.[14] Since 2019, the smoking age in West Virginia has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18.[78]
  95. ↑ The smoking age in Wisconsin was raised to 18 sometime between 1988–2022. Since 2019, the smoking age in Wisconsin has been 21 under federal law. Under current state law, it is 18. In 2022, a bill to amend state law to raise the smoking age to 21 passed in the Wisconsin State Assembly and is pending in the state senate.[79]
  96. ↑ The smoking age in Wyoming was raised to 18 sometime between 1988–2020.
  97. ↑ Since 2019, the smoking age in Wisconsin has been 21 under federal law. State law raised the smoking age to 21 in 2020 to align federal and state law.[80]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Apollonio, Dorie E.; Glantz, Stanton A. (2016). "Minimum Ages of Legal Access for Tobacco in the United States From 1863 to 2015". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (7): 1200–1207. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303172. PMC 4902755. PMID 27196658.
  2. ↑ Morris, Philip (March 1986). "Business Planning and Analysis. Philip Morris five year plan 1986–1990". Bates no. 2044799001-2044799142. Retrieved 25 April 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ "MODEL SALE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO MINORS CONTROL ACT A Model Law Recommended". DHHS. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  4. ↑ DiFranza, J. R.; Dussault, G. F. (1 April 2005). "The federal initiative to halt the sale of tobacco to children—the Synar Amendment, 1992–2000: lessons learned". Tobacco Control. 14 (2): 93–98. doi:10.1136/tc.2004.009373. PMC 1748003. PMID 15791018.
  5. ↑ Johnston, Lloyd D.; O’Malley, Patrick M.; Bachman, Jerald G. (2003). "Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2002". I: Secondary school students. Retrieved 25 April 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ "Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents". Federal Register. 28 August 1996. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  7. ↑ Template:If all, 529 U.S. 120 (Supreme Court of the United States 2000).
  8. ↑ Products, Center for Tobacco (3 June 2020). "Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act - An Overview". FDA. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  9. ↑ Rubino, Natalie (December 20, 2019). "How Needham blazed the trail for raising the tobacco age nationally". Boston 25 News. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  10. ↑ Griggs, Brandon (27 April 2015). "Hawaii set to become first state to raise smoking age to 21". CNN.
  11. ↑ Quintero, Diana; Patel, Nandeeni (22 November 2019). "The youth vaping epidemic: Addressing the rise of e-cigarettes in schools". Brookings. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  12. ↑ Bote, Joshua. "FDA officially raises federal minimum age to purchase all tobacco products from 18 to 21". USA TODAY. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "DOD implements new laws for tobacco sales". Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. (1986). "SMOKING AND HEALTH: A National Status Report 2nd Edition – A Report to Congress" (PDF). nlm.nih.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  15. ↑ Sobolewski, Jonathan (25 February 2019). "Why do you have to be 19 to buy tobacco in Alabama?". AL.com.
  16. ↑ "House votes to lower age of majority to 18". Alabama Political Reporter. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2022. Rep. Kerry Rich (R-Guntersville) said, “I am going to vote for the bill. I was here in 1976 when it was lowered to 19 [from 21]
  17. ↑ Hall, Mary Helene (19 May 2021). "You now must be 21 to buy vaping devices in Alabama". AL.com.
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 Apollonio, Dorie E.; Glantz, Stanton A. (July 2016). "Minimum Ages of Legal Access for Tobacco in the United States From 1863 to 2015". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (7): 1200–1207. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303172. PMC 4902755. PMID 27196658.
  19. ↑ "Smoking and Health: A National Status Report. A Report to Congress" (PDF). Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.). Office on Smoking and Health. February 1990. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  20. ↑ "Sec. 11.76.100. Selling or giving tobacco to a minor". Alaska State Legislature. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  21. ↑ Enslow, Patrick. "SB45" (PDF). AKLeg. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  22. ↑ "American Samoa looks to tighten tobacco laws". RNZ. 13 January 2018.
  23. ↑ Zetino, Griselda (9 January 2020). "No changes to Arizona tobacco buying age despite new federal rule". KTAR News. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  24. ↑ "Arkansas law goes into effect today raising minimum age of smoking to 21". THV11. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  25. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Clarifies That Minimum Purchasing Age for Tobacco, Vaping Products Is 21". ACHI. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  26. ↑ "Tobacco taboo under new law: dealers can't sell or give it to minors; age is fixed at eighteen and heavy penalty imposed for violation when act becomes effective after next Tuesday". The Los Angeles Times. May 21, 1911.
  27. ↑ Aliferis, Lisa (5 May 2016). "California Raises Age Of Tobacco Purchase To 21 And Tightens Vaping Rules". NPR.
  28. ↑ "Colorado Governor Signs Strong Tobacco 21 Legislation". Tobacco 21. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  29. ↑ "Governor Lamont Announces Enactment of Law Raising the Age to Purchase Tobacco Products to 21". CT.gov. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  30. ↑ Porter, Ira. "It's official — Delaware raises smoking age from 18 to 21". Delware Online. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 "June STATE "MINIMUM AGE" lAWS E_ _D 1989-1994". University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  32. ↑ Nirappil, Fenit (11 October 2016). "Anti-tobacco bills advance in District, would raise age to buy cigarettes to 21". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  33. ↑ "Starting Friday you must be 21 to buy and smoke tobacco, nicotine products". WFTS. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  34. ↑ "Georgia's Governor Signs Bill Raising Tobacco Purchasing Age to 21-Years-Old". Halfwheel. 31 July 2020.
  35. ↑ "Guam Raises Tobacco Age to 21 Come 2018". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  36. ↑ Irvin, Lola. "Hawaii Raises Legal Smoking Age to 21". CSTE. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  37. ↑ "SENATE BILL 1284". Idaho State Legislature. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  38. ↑ Petrella, Dan. "Gov. J.B. Pritzker signs bill raising smoking age to 21 statewide". Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Springgate, Jack. "Indiana officially raises age to buy tobacco products to 21 on July 1st". WNDU. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  40. ↑ Lundgren, Harper. "Iowa Gov. Reynolds signs bill to raise tobacco usage age". WOWT 6 News. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  41. ↑ "Kansas House Wants Age Limit for Tobacco, Vaping at 21". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  42. ↑ "Senate Bill 56". Kentucky General Assembly. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  43. ↑ "Louisiana increases age for tobacco and vapor products from 18 to 21". KATC. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  44. ↑ "Maine Raises Its Smoking Age". The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  45. ↑ "New Tobacco Sales". Maryland Department of Health. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  46. ↑ "New Massachusetts Law Raises Smoking Age to 21". NBC Boston. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  47. ↑ "MN tobacco age increases to 21 on Aug. 1". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. 29 July 2020.
  48. ↑ "Mississippi Raising Tobacco Purchasing Age to 21-Years-Old". Halfwheel. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  49. ↑ "Missouri legislature works to increase tobacco age to 21 to reflect federal law". KOAM. 21 April 2021.
  50. ↑ "Montana Youth Access To Tobacco".
  51. ↑ "Nebraska's NEW legal minimum age for use or purchase of tobacco products". Attorney General Doug Peterson. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  52. ↑ "Sisolak signs bill raising age to buy tobacco to 21". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  53. ↑ "New Hampshire raises legal age to purchase tobacco products". WHDH-TV. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  54. ↑ "New Jersey may become second state to raise smoking age to 21". PBS NewsHour. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  55. ↑ "Department of Health | News | Legal Age to Purchase Smoking Products to Increase to 21". New Jersey Department of Health. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  56. ↑ Madrid, Salina (4 March 2020). "Starting July 1st you'll have to be 21 to purchase tobacco products in New Mexico". KDBC.
  57. ↑ "New York Raises Smoking Age from 18 to 21". NBC New York. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  58. ↑ Bell, Bria. "New tobacco buying law sparks confusion". WBTV. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  59. ↑ Hand, Bill. "New cigarette sales rules cause some confusion". New Bern Sun Journal.
  60. ↑ Minato, Charlie (19 January 2021). "North Dakota Senate Passes Tobacco Purchasing Age Increase". halfwheel. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  61. ↑ "North Dakota Bill Actions: SB 2156". www.ndlegis.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  62. ↑ "'Legislature needs to first amend the smoking law'". Saipan Tribune. 29 December 2019.
  63. ↑ "Ohio raises smoking age from 18 to 21". 10tv.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  64. ↑ "Bill raising age for tobacco products to 21 becomes law | Oklahoma Senate". oksenate.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  65. ↑ Lopez, German (10 August 2017). "Oregon just became the 5th state to raise its smoking age to 21". Vox.
  66. ↑ Lagreid, Patrick (1 July 2020). "Pennsylvania's Minimum Tobacco Purchasing Age is Now 21". halfwheel. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  67. ↑ Lagreid, Patrick (14 May 2021). "Rhode Island Senate Approves Tobacco Purchasing Age Increase". halfwheel.
  68. ↑ "Rhode Island S0263 | 2021 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  69. ↑ "Federal Tobacco Law raises minimum age from 18 to 21 for purchase of tobacco products". Post and Courier. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  70. ↑ Benth, Morgan. "North Dakota law could move the smoking age to 21 to align with federal law". kfyrtv.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  71. ↑ Benninghoff, Eric (1 January 2021). "New Tennessee law raises age to purchase tobacco: Smoke shops, doctors react". WTVC.
  72. ↑ "Minors' Access to Tobacco -- Missouri, 1992, and Texas, 1993". CDC. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  73. ↑ Quatrino, Nina. "Smoking age raises to 21 in Texas, with exemptions". KXII. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  74. ↑ "Utah Legislature decides to raise the legal age to use tobacco from 19 to 21 — except for active duty military". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  75. ↑ "Vermont smoking age to increase to 21 on Monday | Vermont Business Magazine". vermontbiz.com.
  76. ↑ "Virginia tobacco purchasing age rising to 21 on July 1". 13newsnow.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  77. ↑ "The legal age to buy tobacco is now 21. Here's what that means in Washington state". The Seattle Times. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  78. ↑ Jenkins, Jeff (29 December 2019). "Feds say age change for tobacco products purchase in effect now". WV MetroNews.
  79. ↑ Calvi, Jason (23 February 2022). "Wisconsin tobacco purchasing age; Assembly OKs raise". FOX6 News Milwaukee.
  80. ↑ "Wyoming's Smoking Age To Rise To 21". Cowboy State Daily. 16 March 2020.
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